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http://www.archive.org/details/phisigmakappahisOOrand 


PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA 

A   HISTORY 

1873-1923 


JOSEPH    FRANKLIN    BARRETT 


PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA 

A   HISTORY 

1873-1923 

by 
FRANK  PRENTICE   RAND 

author  oi 

GARLINGTOWN 

JOHN  EPPS 

etc. 


Published   hv 

The  Council  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

1923 


Copyright  1923 
The  Council  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


THE    KINGSBURY    PRINT 
NORTHAMPTON,   MASS. 


FOREWORD 

Brothers  in  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  these  annals  are  yours:  they 
tell  of  your  work,  they  are  gleaned  from  your  records  and  recollec- 
tions, they  are  often  in  your  own  words.  They  are  not  eulogy  nor 
propaganda,  but  history, — containing  much  of  fact,  which  it  is 
hoped  will  be  found  reliably,  if  not  always  flatteringly,  exact, 
and  something  of  interpretation,  for  which  the  author  must  stand 
largely  responsible.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  places  the 
Council  files  were  wholly  inadequate.  The  annalist,  therefore, 
after  preparing  a  draft  of  each  period  from  all  available  docu- 
mentary sources,  submitted  his  manuscript  to  leaders  of  the 
Fraternity  during  the  period  under  consideration,  and  their 
emendations  were  made  the  basis  of  a  re-written  and  expanded 
copy.  The  Fraternity  owes  much  to  the  cooperation  of  the  men 
whose  names  appear  below.  Eight  others  also  received  copies  of 
manuscript  and  by  their  silence  have  given  a  tacit  acquiescence  to 
the  contents.  Others,  too,  rendered  invaluable  assistance  in 
respect  to  smaller  units.  Special  mention  should  be  made  of  Dr. 
John  Ashburton  Cutter,  William  A.  Mclntyre,  and  R.  Rossman 
Lawrence,  who.  not  only  edited  certain  chapters  as  indicated  in 
the  listed  acknowledgments,  but  also  read  the  complete  galley 
proof  in  search  of  possible  error  or  infelicity.  The  numbers  appended 
to  the  names  which  follow  refer  to  the  chapters  to  which  brothers 
lent  their  memory  and  judgment. 

David  E.  Baker,  A  78,  (2) 

William  S.  Barnes,  E  '95,  (7,  8) 

Walter  C.  Brandes,  9  '14,  A  '19,  (7,  11,  12) 

William  Penn  Brooks,  Founder,  (1,  2,  5) 

Frederick  G.  Campbell,  Founder,  (1) 

John  Ashburton  Cutter,  A  '82,  B  '86,  (2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  S) 

Charles  E.  Davis,  B  '90,  (4) 

Richard  T.  Duncan,  A  '86,  B  '89,  (4) 

William  H.  Hackett,  E  '93,  (7,  8) 

Peter  M.  Harwood,  A  '75,  (1) 

Charles  Sumner  Howe,  A  '78,  (2,  3) 

Elmer  D.  Howe,  A  '81,  (3) 

R.  Rossman  Lawrence,  X  '07,  (8,  10,  11,  12) 


Sherwood  Le  Fevre,  B  '91,  (5) 

John  Adams  Lowe,  X  '06,  (9,  10,  11) 

William  A.  Mclntyre,  M  '04,  (0,  7,  S,  9,  10,  11,  12) 

Donald  H.  McLean,  A  '06,  (9) 

Evan  F.  Richardson,  A  '87,  (3) 

Arthur  Guernsey  Root,  B  '90,  (4) 

George  J.  Vogel,  V  '91,  (7,  8,  9) 


Amherst,  Massachusetts 
September  1,  1922 


F.  P.  R. 


CONTENTS 


Beginnings 

11 

T^±          ... 

26 

Pi  Chapter 

41 

Alden  March    . 

53 

Laws  and  Rituals    . 

63 

Expansion 

80 

EstabHshed  Sovereignty 

97 

Quiet  Times      .        .        . 

116 

Into  the  West 

130 

The  Administration  Within  . 

145 

During  the  War 

169 

Renewal    .... 

181 

Appendix 

The  Exoteric  Constitution     .... 

201 

The  Grand  Chapter  Conventions  and  Officers 

211 

Phi  Sigma  Kappa  in  Who's  Who  in  America 

217 

The  Chapter  in  Arms 

219 

Membership  Tabulation         .... 

258 

Index 

260 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Joseph  Franklin  Barrett Frontispiece 

The  M.  A.  C.  Campus  in  1873 12 

Jabez  WilHam  Clay .  16 

Henry  Hague 17 

Brooks  in  1875 19 

X.  Y.  Clark 20 

Frederick  G.  Campbell 22 

Barrett  in  1875 23 

Dr.  Joseph  E.  Root 29 

Charles  Sumner  Howe 33 

Kinney's  Coat  of  Arms ,46 

Its  Evolution 47 

Kinney's  Diamond  Design .49 

Dr.  Richard  F.  Duncan ,56 

Duncan's  Grand  Chapter  Key 57 

Dr.  Walter  H.  Conley 60 

Dr.  Willam  H.  Happel 73 

The  West  Virginia  House 75 

William  Penn  Brooks 78 

Dr.  John  Ashburton  Cutter 81 

Samuel  C.  Thompson 86 

The  Franklin  &  Marshall  House 93 

Oscar  R.  W.  Worm 96 

The  Columbia  House 98 

The  House  at  Cornell 107 

George  J.  Vogel 117 

William  A.  Mclntyre 119 

The  Dartmouth  House 121 

The  House  at  Williams 124 

The  House  at  Yale 126 

The  California  House 131 

The  Wisconsin  House 140 

The  News  of  the  Day 142 

Root,  Barrett  and  Thompson  at  Worcester        ....  143 

James  A.  Boehm 148 

John  Adams  Lowe  .        . 151 

R.  Rossman  Lawrence 155 


The  Alpha  House    . 
The  House  at  IlHnois 
The  Worcester  House 
Robert  Henri  Chapon     . 
The  Pennsylvania  House 
The  Stevens  House 
The  House  at  Oregon 
The  Schenectady-Beta  House 
The  House  at  Lehigh 
The  Minnesota  House    . 
The  St.  Lawrence  House 
Frank  Prentice  Rand 


162 
164 
166 
170 
178 
179 
184 
188 
191 
193 
195 
197 


CHAPTER  ONE 

Beginnings  (1873) 

Joe  Barrett  was  wont  to  say  that  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  "con- 
ceived in  iniquity".  The  Big  Chief,  however,  was  given  to  speaking 
in  paradox,  and  this  historical  epigram  must  be  so  considered. 

But  before  writing  of  the  foundation,  it  would  be  well  to  pause 
for  a  moment  and  take  note  of  the  foundations,  if  you  please, — ■ 
the  material  from  which  our  Order  was  to  be  evolved.  What  was 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  to  which  our  Founders  came 
in  the  fall  of  1871?  /What  did  they  find,  these  lads,  as  they  drove 
into  the  village  of  Amherst,  over  dusty  roads  but  with  shining  and 
uplifted  eyes,  to  realize  their  dream? 

Well,  they  found  the  beautiful  Connecticut  River  valley  much 
as  it  is  to-day,  with  the  Holyoke  range  lying  off  to  the  southwest, 
breaking  abruptly  to  give  passage  to  the  river,  and  reappearing 
beyond  as  Mount  Tom;  with  Toby  and  Sugarloaf  looming  up  to  the 
north;  and  distantly  in  the  west  the  Berkshires,  radiant  no  doubt  in 
the  glory  of  an  autumnal  sunset.  They  may  indeed  have  recalled  the 
opening  lines  of  a  lyceum  declamation  dear  to  the  young  Websters 
of  that  day:  "Think  of  the  country  for  which  the  Indians  fought! 
Who  can  blame  them!" 

They  found,  too,  something  in  the  way  of  college  buildings. 
There  was  old  South  College,  standing  upon  a  sightly  ridge  centrally 
located  among  the  several  farms  which  together  constituted  the 
campus,  a  four-story,  brick  structure  by  no  means  undignified, 
containing  recitation  rooms,  a  museum  of  natural  history,  and 
dormitory  accommodations  for  nearly  fifty  men.  Nearby  stood 
North  College,  substantially  the  same  brick  dormitory  that  Aggie 
students  know  in  1923,  but  graced  in  those  days  with  an  ample 
piazza  and  containing  in  its  cellar  a  tool  room  for  the  farm.  To 
the  north  of  this,  beyond  a  ravine,  were  two  wooden  buildings:  a 
boarding  house  and  the  residence  of  one  of  the  professors.  To  the 
east  of  it,  a  good  five  minutes'  walk,  was  an  unimposing  framed 
house,  pretentiously  known  as  the  Botanical  Museum  and  contain- 
ing also  the  office  of  the  president  of  the  college.     Here  also  stood 

11 


12 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


Beginnings  13 

the  Durfee  Plant  House,  containing  an  excellent  green-house 
collection  and  apparently  the  pri'de  of  the  campus.  These  buildings, 
supplemented  by  a  farm  house  and  barn  and  one  or  two  residences, 
made  up,  with  a  single  notable  exception,  the  visible  college. 

This  notable  exception,  notable  because  of  its  bearing  upon 
our  history,  was  located  on  the  ridge  with  the  two  dormitories, 
between  North  College  and  the  ravine.  In  recent  years  it  has  been 
devoted  entirely  to  the  science  of  chemistry  and  is  referred  to 
apologetically  as  "the  chem  building".  Even  in  the  hey-day  of 
its  youth  beauty  knew  it  not.  In  September  1922  it  was 
accidentally  destroyed  by  fire.  In  1871,  however,  it  contained 
on  the  ground  floor  the  college  chapel  and  rooms  for  students  in 
practical  chemistry;  on  the  second  floor  a  hall  for  drawing, 
mathematics  and  engineering,  and  a  chemistry  lecture  room,  to- 
gether with  ofhce,  private  laboratory  and  store  room  of  the  pro- 
fessor; and  on  the  third  floor  the  drill  hall  and  the  armory.  It 
was  in  this  building  that  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  experienced  her  iniquitous 
conception. 

The  lads  found,  too,  a  small  but  eminent  group  of  teachers. 
There  were  at  this  time  five  names  by  which  the  agriculture  of  the 
Commonwealth  well  might  conjure:  Colonel  William  S.  Clark, 
professor  of  botany  and  horticulture,  founder  of  Shapporo  College, 
Japan,  and  really  the  pioneer  president  of  M.  A.  C,  that  institution 
enjoying  the  questionable  distinction  of  having  had  two  presidents 
complete  their  administration  prior  to  the  enrollment  of  a  single 
student;  Levi  Stockbridge,  professor  of  agriculture,  a  man  of  en- 
during influence  and  later  ad  interim  president  of  the  college; 
Henry  H.  Goodell,  professor  of  modern  languages,  destined  to  serve 
the  college  in  many  and  varied  ways  for  forty  years  and  to  be  its 
president  for  nearly  half  that  term;  Charles  A.  Goessmann,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  who  brought  to  this  baby  institution  a  fame 
already  established  in  scientific  circles  both  at  home  and  abroad; 
and  Selim  H.  Peabody,  professor  of  mathematics,  physics  and  civil 
engineering,  who  resigned  three  years  later  eventually  to  become 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Illinois.  This  list  of  five  includes 
practically  all  of  the  faculty  giving  full  time  service;  a  distinquished 
group  of  teachers,  all  men  of  rare  endowment,  four  of  them  potential 
college  presidents  and  the  fifth  a  scientist  of  international  renown. 
The  college  had  graduated  its  first  class  only  two  months 
before,  yet  our  Founders  must  have  noted  upon  its  campus  every- 
where a  high  and  independent  spirit.     And  well  there  may  have 


14  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

been!  The  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  infant  and  ex- 
perimental institution  that  it  was,  very  much  a  pioneer  in  American 
education  and  subject  to  considerable  degree  to  the  mistrust  if  not 
the  contumely  of  both  the  humanistic  and  the  so-called  practical 
men,  still  had  not  come  into  being  unwelcome  or  ignored.  Three 
towns  other  than  Amherst — Northampton,  Springfield  and  Lexing- 
ton— were  prepared  to  raise  the  required  $75,000  for  the  privilege 
of  giving  to  the  proposed  institution  a  place  and  habitation  within 
their  borders.  The  three  preeminent,  academic  colleges  of  the 
Commonwealth — Amherst,  Harvard  and  Williams — had  apparently 
offered  it,  directly  or  indirectly,  a  dwelling  place  with  them.  And 
its  first  class,  graduated  the  previous  July,  was  lustily  proud  of  an 
enrollment  of  twenty-seven  men  at  the  conclusion  of  a  four  year 
course.  More  than  all  this,  it  had  come  to  pass  that  upon  a  certain 
placid  evening,  specifically  that  of  July  twenty-first  of  this  same 
eventful  year,  at  Ingleside  on  the  Connecticut,  a  six-oar  crew 
representing  this  newborn  college  had  decisively  beaten  the  boats 
of  both  Harvard  and  Brown  and  lowered  the  intercollegiate  record 
for  the  course.  It  is  a  matter  of  record  that  President  Clark  there- 
upon came  back  to  Amherst  driving  most  recklessly  his  team  of 
beautiful  Morgans,  and  shouting  at  the  top  of  his  voice,  "We've 
won!  We've  won!"  Is  it  any  wonder  then  that  Aggie  men,  both 
young  and  old,  settled  down  to  work  in  the  fall  of  1871  with  all 
of  the  confident  optimism  of  a  justified  faith? 

Our  lads  also  found,  already  full-fledged,  that  alluring,  varie- 
gated, perennial  Phoenix  known  to  this  day  and  generation  by  the 
name  of  college  life.  There  were  literary  societies,  a  Christian  Union, 
class  offices,  baseball  nines,  rifle  associations,  crews,  a  choir  and 
glee  club,  declamation  contests,  eating  clubs,  yes,  even  fraternities. 
Moreover  college  life  had  already  become  self-conscious  and  was 
providing  self-expression  and  historical  record  in  a  college  annual, 
The  Index.  One  might  see  at  a  glance  that  this  was  indeed  a  college 
in  all  of  its  manifestations,  a  college  to  the  finger  tips.  It  remained 
only  for  its  president  to  present,  in  1873,  a  thesis  dealing  with  the 
circulation  of  sap,  which  was  of  itself,  according  to  the  great 
Agassiz,  "an  ample  return  for  all  that  had  been  expended  upon  the 
college",  and  to  prove  the  following  year  that  a  single  squash  in 
the  process  of  growth  could  be  made  to  lift  the  enormous  weight 
of  two  and  one-half  tons;  it  remained  onh-  for  such  contribution? 
to  knowledge  and  the  young  agricultural  institution  was  truK-  es- 
tablished in  the  hearts  of  the  Commonwealth. 


Beginnings  15 

The  air  of  Amherst  was  ejectric,  then,  with  great  events. 
The  foundation  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  looked  at  from  the  perspective 
of  half  a  century,  may  seem  to  have  been  well  nigh  inevitable. 
There  were  two  fraternities  in  the  field.  It  was  four  years  since 
the  establishment  of  the  second.  Here  were  a  group  of  sophomores, 
leaders  in  college  activities,  conscious  of  a  great  deal  in  common, 
the  logical  ones  to  take  the  step  which  the  history  of  fraternalism 
indicates  was  now  due.  It  is  not  surprising  that  they  talked  among 
themselves  and  founded  Phi  Sigma  Kappa;  it  would,  perhaps, 
have  been  surprising  if  they  had  not. 

There  has  been  much  fruitless  discussion  as  to  whether  these 
men  had  or  had  not  rejected  bids  from  the  other  two  fraternities. 
The  following  considered  statement  by  Hague  might  indeed  be 
interpreted  to  mean  that  they  had: 

"There  were  in  '75  several  men  who,  while  willing  to 
unite  in  a  secret  society  for  mutual  help  and  good  fellow- 
ship, could  not  find  themselves  willing  to  join  any  of  the 
societies  then  existing  in  college". 

The  inference,  however,  is  not  inerrable.  Brooks  certainly  had 
received  no  such  bid.  In  later  years  the  thought  of  our  men  having 
been  approached  by  the  other  fraternities  evoked  from  him  only 
surprise;  the  thing  was  unthinkable.  And  therein  lies  what  seems 
to  be  the  one  outstanding  and  significant  fact:  the  men  who  founded 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  were  sufficiently  different  from  the  members  of 
the  other  societies,  both  in  temper  and  in  ideals,  as  to  preclude  the 
possibility  of  a  social  communion  of  a  binding  nature. 

It  is  far  from  the  spirit  of  this  book  to  cast  aspersions  at  the 
men  of  any  other  order.  The  D.  G.  K.  society,  later  Kappa  Sigma, 
and  the  Q.  T.  V.  society,  later  to  become  a  national  of  the  same 
name  and  later  still  to  return  to  the  status  of  a  local  again,  have 
both  had  long  and  honorable  careers  and  are  justifiably  proud  of 
their  personnel.  It  is,  however,  a  matter  of  essential  record  that 
their  members  in  1873  were  much  too  cavalier  for  the  rather 
puritanic  Founders  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  They  had  the  reputation 
of  being  fast  fellows,  but  Southwick  doubtless  expressed  the  feeling 
of  our  men  when  he  wrote,  years  later,  as  follows: 

"But  understand,  in  spite  of  their  short-comings,  they 
were  thought  just  as  much  of  among  the  students,  and  we 
thought  just  as  much  of  them  as  we  did  of  our  own  men. 
I  think  they  all  made  good  men." 


16 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


JABEZ    WILLIAM    CLAY 


Let  this,  then,  close  this  dis- 
cussion of  the  prevaiHng  frater- 
nity situation.  It  is  only  be- 
cause in  the  minds  of  our 
Founders  it  was  so  clearly  a 
contributory  influence  that  we 
touch  upon  it  here  at  all.  As 
in  so  many  other  instances,  the 
birth  of  our  Fraternity  was,  in 
some  measure  at  least,  a  protest 
against  the  fraternity  life  its 
Founders  found  about  them. 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  started  clean. 
What,  then,  were  this  group 
of  young  men,  so  uncompromis- 
ing on  the  matter  of  liquor  that; 
according  to  Southwick,  they 
"did  not  allow  (in  the  rooms) 
anything  in  the  way  of  alcoholic 
drinks,  not  even  sweet  cider"? 
Let  us  again  turn  our  attention 
to  foundations. 
Jabez  William  Clay,  twenty-one  years  of  age,  was  of  Green 
Mountain  stock  and  had  prepared  for  college  in  the  Powers  In- 
stitute of  Bernardston.  He  was  a  giant  both  in  body  and  in  mind. 
During  his  freshman  year  he  won  the  Pioneer  Scholarship  offered 
by  the  class  of  '71,  although  it  is  only  fair  to  record  Southwick's 
remark  to  the  effect  that  if  Brooks  and  Barrett  had  matriculated 
in  the  fall  with  Clay,  they  "would  have  made  him  do  some  hustling". 
At  one  time  Clay  roomed  with  an  Indian,  a  government  protege 
whom  he  had  tutored  for  admission  to  college.  On  the  evening 
of  a  Fourth  of  July  this  Indian  came  in  upon  a  little  party  which 
Clay  was  giving  to  some  of  his  friends,  resented  the  assumed  slight 
of  not  having  been  invited  himself,  and  during  the  night  attacked 
his  roommate  with  fixed  bayonet.  Clay  in  some  miraculous  way 
parried  the  thrust  and  grappled  with  his  opponent.  The  struggle 
lasted  for  some  time  and  was  becoming  truly  desperate  when 
some  of  the  other  men  broke  in  and  brought  it  to  an  end.  Ii  nun- 
be  seen  from  these  incidents  that  Clay's  was  a  substantial  person- 
ality. 

Joseph    Franklin    Barrett,    eighteen    years   old,    when    a    boy 


Beginnings 


17 


HENRY    HAGUE 


known  as  Frank  and  later  al-. 
most  exclusively  as  Joe,  was  de- 
scended from  the  English  Bar- 
retts who  came  over  to  Chelms- 
ford, Massachusetts,  about  1635. 
Dr.  Root,  a  boyhood  chum,  re- 
calls Barrett's  mother  as  a  "most 
brilliant,  witty  and  charming 
woman".  It  is  said  that  in  his 
later  years  Barrett  came  to  bear 
a  striking  physical  resemblance 
to  his  mother's  father,  a  sturdy 
deacon  of  the  old  school.  Dr. 
Root  remembers  Barrett  as  a 
youngster  in  the  little  red  school 
house,  and  declares  that  "with 
no  apparent  effort  he  always 
stood  first".  Later  at  Barre 
High  School  and  Leicester  Acad- 
emy he  displayed  such  excel- 
lence in  scholarship  that  he  was 

able  to  enter  college  as  a  sophomore  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  It 
is  well  to  let  the  imagination  linger  for  a  bit  upon  the  picture  of  a 
group  of  Barre  boys,  loaded  into  a  single  rack  wagon  together  with 
their  baggage  and  the  meagre  furniture  for  their  rooms,  plodding 
over  the  Hardwick  and  Pelham  hills  on  their  way  to  college.  It  is 
upon  such  scenes  as  this  that  the  present  greatness  of  our  nation  rests. 
Henry  Hague,  twenty-four,  within  a  fortnight  of  twenty-five 
upon  that  fateful  fifteenth  of  March,  was  English-born  and  had 
seen  much  of  life  in  his  wanderings  from  Ashton-under-Lyne.  He 
had  been  in  turn  factory  hand,  sailor,  carpenter.  He  had  served 
under  Farragut  during  the  Civil  War.  But  still,  according  to  the 
Index,  he  had  trouble  with  his  h's.  And  still,  characteristic  of  the 
man,  he  always  kept  upon  his  little  stove  a  kettle  of  hot  water  for 
tea.  It  was  a  grimy  kettle,  too,  and  a  periodic  irritation  to  the 
military  inspector,  who  finally  in  exasperation  exclaimed,  "Mr. 
Hague,  if  you  won't  polish  that  kettle,  at  least  keep  it  out  of  sight 
when  I  come  around".  The  aura  of  romance  hovers  about  the 
untold  story  of  this  young  Englishman,  so  far  from  Ashton-under- 
Lyne,  enrolled  as  a  student  in  an  agricultural  college,  and  preparing 
himself,  as  fate  would  have  it,  for  the  church. 


18  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Xenos  Young  Clark,  nineteen  years  old,  was  a  native  of  Boston, 
but  had  received  much  of  his  training  in  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment of  Kentucky  University.  Brooks  used  to  say  that  he  was 
"a  brilliant  son  of  a  brilliant  father".  In  fact  his  father,  Henry 
James  Clark,  for  several  years  personal  assistant  to  Agassiz,  later 
adjunct  professor  of  zoology  at  Harvard,  and  then  professor  of 
natural  history  at  various  institutions,  the  last  being  Massachusetts 
Aggie  where  he  died,  was  accounted  by  some  as  having  done  much 
work  for  which  Agassiz  received  an  unearned  credit  and  was  re- 
garded by  that  famous  scientist  himself  as  "the  most  accurate 
observer  in  the  country".  In  Amherst  Professor  Clark,  fighting 
tuberculosis,  built  the  first  house  upon  Mount  Pleasant  Hill.  His 
son  brought  to  Aggie  a  splendid  mind  and  a  facile  pencil,  the  latter 
indeed  pointing  many  a  college  joke.  Barrett  characterized  him 
as  "lovable  in  all  his  ways,  a  genius,  brilliant,  versatile,  perhaps 
erratic". 

Frederick  George  Campbell,  nineteen  years  of  age,  was  an- 
other Green  Mountain  product,  coming  from  Westminister  West, 
Vermont  and  having  prepared  for  college  at  Powers  Institute  in 
Bernardston.  His  father  had  an  international  reputation  as  a 
breeder  of  fine-wooled,  American,  Merino  sheep.  Indeed  a  pen 
of  his  sheep  took  the  sweep-stake  prize  at  Hamburg,  and  were 
thereupon  sold  to  a  Continental  breeder  for  $5000.  The  bov 
was  exceedingly  practical  in  his  philosophy  of  life,  and  would 
say  of  some  of  his  college  work,  "Now  that  isn't  going  to  be  of  anv 
use  to  me."  While  not  like  Clay,  original  and  creative  in  his 
thinking  powers,  he  seems  still  to  have  been  a  dynamic  force  in 
putting  a  presented  idea  into  actual  operation. 

William  Penn  Brooks,  twenty-one  years  old,  the  tenth  of  a 
family  of  eleven  children,  was  born  when  his  father  was  well  past 
fifty,  in  South  Scituate,  Massachusetts.  His  father's  ancestors 
came  to  this  country  in  1635,  and  his  mother's  belonged  to  the 
Cushings  of  England.  He  had  studied  in  the  public  schools,  in 
Assinippi  Institute  and  in  Hanover  Academy.  Moreover  he  had 
been  teaching  school  in  Hanover  and  Rockland,  and  entered 
college  at  the  beginning  of  the  third  term  of  his  freshman  >-ear. 
Destined  for  a  conspicuous  career  in  agricultural  research,  he  earlv 
displayed  his  natural  scientific  bent  of  mind.  It  was  in  connection 
with  the  sap-running  study  which  Agassiz  praised  so  highly. 
Brooks  had  been  collecting  data  for  President  Clark,  and  he  had 
done  it  so  well  that  upon  the  occasion  of  the  LegislatiN-e  Com- 


Beginnings 


19 


BROOKS    IN    1875 


mittee's  visitation  at  the  col- 
lege, his  teacher  subjected  the 
lad  to  a  public  interview.  "So 
you  can  tell  which  trees  will 
run  freely  and  which  will  not," 
he  asked  him.  "No  sir,"  Brooks 
promptly  replied,  "I  can  tell 
which  trees  have  run  freely  and 
which  have  not". 

Such  then,  in  brief,  were  our 
Founders  in  1873. 

It  cannot  be  too  strongly 
stressed  that  these  men  were 
the  best  students  in  college. 
Brooks  said  of  himself  that  he 
had  never  studied  for  marks,  in 
fact  "didn't  study  much  any- 
way"; and  this  statement  is  ap- 
plicable to  the  others  too.  They 
were  young  men  of  real  intellec- 
tual capacity.    Their  distinction 

in  college  was  to  be  followed  by  greater  distinction  in  the  outside 
world.  In  days  when  prizes  were  few  Clay  won  the  Grinnell  Agri- 
cultural Prize  of  fifty  dollars,  and  Brooks  the  Hill's  Botanical  Second 
Prize  of  ten.  Brooks  was  valedictorian  of  the  class;  Clay  stood 
second;  Barrett  stood  third;  Campbell  stood  fifth.  For  the  period 
of  his  senior  year  Hague  ranked  fourth,  and  Clark,  who  did  not 
finish  with  the  others,  stood  third  at  the  time  he  left  college. 
Clay's  commencement  address  upon  the  sun  as  the  great  source 
of  power  was  described  by  a  hearer  as  "superb".  This  is  all  a 
matter  of  coldly  statistical  record,  but  its  significance  no  one  can 
doubt.     These  young  men  meant  business. 

It  must  not  be  thought,  however,  that  they  were  recluse  or 
pedantic.  They  took  their  places  in  all  of  the  legitimate  activities 
of  the  campus.  All  six  of  them  were  members  of  the  Washington 
Irving  Literary  Society,  which,  with  its  rival  the  Edward  Everett, 
was  a  highly  popular  feature  of  undergraduate  life  in  those  days. 
Four  of  the  six  held  office  in  this  organization,  Clay  at  one  time 
being  its  president.  All  but  Clark  were  members  of  the  Gymnastic 
Association,  Clay  also  holding  office  in  this.  Of  the  six  editors  of 
the  1875  college  annual,  five  were  men  who  belonged  to  our  Order: 


20 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


X.    Y.    CLARK 


Clay,  Clark,  Barrett,  Brooks 
and  Harwood,  the  last,  howe\-er, 
not  a  Founder.  Hague,  whom 
Brooks  claimed  to  have  con- 
verted from  Methodism  to  the 
Episcopal  fold  by  showing  him 
around  among  the  particularly 
shabby  Methodist  churches  in 
his  own  home  neighborhood, 
seems  to  have  been  the  only  one 
of  the  group  to  belong  to  the 
College  Christian  Union,  but 
he  held  many  offices  therein. 

Of  the  elective  officers  of  the 
class  Clay  was  president,  captain 
and  orator,  Barrett  president 
and  toastmaster,  Campbell  vice- 
president  and  treasurer,  Clark 
vice-president.  Brooks  perma- 
nent historian,  and  Hague  cap- 
tain during  different  years.  In 
the  military,  three — Campbell,  Hague  and  Barrett — were  lieu- 
tenants, and  Brooks  a  captain.  It  is  perhaps  worthy  of  record  that 
Clay  chafed  under  military  discipline,  got  into  trouble  with  the 
officer  in  charge,  and  left  college  for  a  while  in  consequence.  Clay 
was  a  member  of  the  varsity  crew  in  '73,  and  Hague  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  crew;  both  held  office  in  the  Naval  Association. 
Before  the  days  of  intercollegiate  baseball  Hague  was  right  fielder 
on  his  class  nine  and  Clark  third  baseman  on  the  same.  This 
record  of  activity,  taken  from  old  college  annuals,  is  probably 
not  complete,  but  it  serves  to  indicate  the  versatility'  and  promi- 
nence of  our  men  about  the  campus. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  college  store.  At  first  it  was 
run  by  Hague  and  a  man  named  Weeks,  but  Weeks  died,  and  his 
place  in  the  firm  was  taken  by  Brooks.  The  store  was  located  in 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  first  floor  of  old  North  College,  and 
catered  successfully  to  the  wants  of  college  boys  of  that  period. 
Indeed  it  did  a  several  thousand  dollar  business,  in  days  when  the 
dollar  had  a  considerable  purchasing  power.  There  are  some  in- 
teresting sidelights  upon  this  project.  Soda  and  tobacco  were  both 
tabooed.    Maple  sugar  and  grapes  were  on  sale  in  season,  the  latter 


Beginnings  21 

in  a  fatuous  attempt  on  the  part  tDf  the  college  to  keep  inviolate  its 
vineyard  on  the  hill.  The  proprietors  did  a  thriving  business  in 
kerosene,  the  boys  leaving  their  cans  at  the  store  to  be  filled  during 
the  day.  In  fact  there  seems  to  have  been  a  little  profiteering 
here,  for  when  Rockefeller  first  brought  the  price  of  that  universal 
commodity  crashing  down,  these  campus  financiers  sat  pat  upon 
their  former  price,  judging  rightly  enough  that  no  student  was 
going  to  be  seen  lugging  his  can  a  mile  and  a  half  to  town  to  save 
a  dime. 

Hague  and  Brooks  advertised  facetiously  in  the  college  annual. 
For  instance  they  offered  for  sale  "a  fine  and  select  stock  of  re- 
versible, concave,  reflexible,  back-action,  three-jointed,  destructible 
lamp  chimneys".  Or  again,  "scientific  works  of  Gal-i-lil-i-o  and 
Ar-chi-dem-i-des  procured  on  short  notice".  The  following  cata- 
logue is  at  least  suggestive:  "gold  pens,  ammunition  and  stationery, 
broken  lamps,  toothpicks  and  textbooks,  old  furniture  and  second- 
hand uniforms".  It  is  easy  to  see  that  the  Hague  and  Brooks 
College  Store  filled  a  need. 

We  must  remember  that  the  Founders  were  after  all  little 
more  than  boys  in  1873.  If  Clay  rang  the  chapel  bell,  and  Brooks 
had  charge  of  the  college  coal  supply,  and  Campbell  presided  over 
its  charcoal  during  the  day,  all  were  ready  for  a  romp  and  a  frolic 
when  their  work  was  done.  Let  it  not  be  for  a  moment  thought 
that  they  did  not  hail  a  holiday  with  boyhood's  inextinguishable 
delight.  The  following  rather  cryptic  passage  from  an  old  Index 
has  all  of  the  rare  and  unforgettable  savor  of  a  youthful  lark: 

"This  expedition  was  organized  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  making  observations  on  the  lobster  beds  at  the  mouth  of 
dry  brook.     Among  other  discoveries  may  be  mentioned 

the  following: Hague,  by  his  keenness  of  sight  and 

smell,  keeps  the  party  supplied  with  chickens  and  cord 
wood ;  Brooks  sees  the  spirits  of  departed  friends  hovering 
around  the  molasses  jug,  which  upon  closer  examination 
prove  to  be  horse  flies.  After  a  loss  of  several  costly 
garments  the  party  returned  to  headquarters  and  the  ex- 
plorations are  declared  a  success". 

Imagine,  if  you  please.  Brooks  and  Barrett,  clad  only  in  their 
birthday  suits,  cavorting  about  North  College  with  brandished 
tomahawks,  playing  Indian.  Or  imagine  Clay,  Brooks,  Hague  and 
Southwick  driving  an   old   horse  from  Amherst  to  Shelburne   to 


22 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


FREDERICK    G.    CAMPBELL 


visit    John     Anderson's    Short- 
horn herd,  and    hilariously    de- 
manding   directions    or    flirting 
with   country  school-marms   all 
the   way.      Or    imagine  Barrett 
leading  forth  a    party    of    stu- 
dents to    steal   a   cider  mill  for 
the  purpose  of  "making  beverage 
for  the  ring".     Apparently  out- 
side the  rooms  our  Founders  did 
not  scruple  at  a  drink  of   apple 
juice;  it  is  of  interest   to    note, 
however,  that  at  one  of  the  lit- 
erary meetings  in  the  spring  of 
IST-i  there  was   a   lengthy   and 
academic  discussion,  led  by  Clay, 
Barrett    and    Hague,  upon    the 
subject  of  "cider  as  a  beverage." 
Imagine    further    our    whole 
crowd  at  the  neighboring  swim- 
ming hole  engaged  so  riotously 
in  a  mud-throwing  melee  that  Brooks'  sap-running  note-book  dis- 
appeared forever,  presumably  in  the  depths  of  the  stream.     Imagine 
Brooks,   Barrett,   Campbell  and  Clark  engaged   in   that   fine   and 
universal   undergraduate  art  of    stealing  each  others'  mattresses, 
dousing  each  other  with  pails  of  water,  and  locking  the  too   un- 
wary inside  a  bedroom.     Or  imagine  Clay  and  Clark  in  the  Chem- 
ical Laboratory  (this  in  the  words  of  Campbell)    having   "lots  of 
spare  time  in  which  to  think  up  amusements  of  their  own,  it  being 
great  fun  for  them  to  mix  up  some  of  the  other  fellows'  chemicals 

and  then  listen  to  what    they    told    Professor  Goessmann 

they  found  as  the  result  of  the  experiment  they  were  trying". 

And  so  let  us  imagine  just  once  more,  this  time  all  six  of  the 
little  clique  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  old  Chemical  Labor- 
atory, presumably  while  the  erudite  Goessmann  was  busy  across 
the  room  with  some  recalcitrant  mentality;  imagine  these  boys 
fooling  and  gossiping  over  dirt}^  test-tubes,  and  scheming  an 
elaborate  mock  initiation  into  a  purely  hypothetical  fraternity, 
for  an  unsophisticated  lad  whose  powers  of  credulity  were  no  doubt 
a  source  of  constant  wonder  and  joy  to  his  associates.  It  would  be 
interesting  to  know  how  many  other  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  lads  have 


Beginnings 


23 


at  some  time  shared  in  the 
perpetration  of  this  very  iden- 
tical fraud.  But  let  us  have 
Barrett's  account  of  the  "in- 
iquitous conception". 

"If  in  1873  there  was  a 
strong  and  original  mind 
among  the  students  of  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College,  it  was  domiciled 
in  the  tall  and  angular  form 
of  Clay.  Beneath  a  some- 
what austere  exterior,  there 
existed  strength  of  charac- 
ter, abundant  good  fellow- 
ship, and  a  humor  that  oc- 
casionally developed  devil- 
try. From  him  came  the 
first  thought  that  later  re- 
sulted in  our  Fraternity, 
and  it  was  an  afterthought 


BARRETT   IN    1875 


that  saved  certain  guileless  ones  from  initiation  into  a 
secret  society  where  the  sole  ambition  was  to  conduct  the 
attendant  ceremonies  with  the  most  telling  effect.  Cer- 
tain pranks  of  the  chemical  laboratory  suggested  great 
possibilities  in  this  direction,  and  Clay  sought  reliable 
assistance,  thus  enlisting  Barrett,  Brooks,  Campbell, 
Clark  and  Hague,  all  of  his  own  class.  (Heaven  preserve 
the  writer  from  the  wrath  of  the  sedate  survivors,  whose 
present  living  almost  discredits  the  above  revelation.) 

"We  wish  that  we  might  credit  Hague  with  intro- 
ducing the  leaven  of  better  things,  but  our  memory  does 
not  so  testify;  indeed  it  is  a  blank  as  to  the  deserving  one. 
However,  it  is  certain  that  discussion  made  evident  the 
opportunity  then  and  there  existing  for  a  real  local,  secret 
society,  based  on  the  usual  fraternal  principles,  and 
whose  aim  should  be  to  encourage  scholarship  and  proper 
undergraduate  deportment.  Thus  was  evil  exorcised 
from  the  minds  of  the  Founders,  and  we  believe  that 
the  conversion  was  genuine,  regardless  of  some  subsequent 
sins  of  omission  and  commission. 


24  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

"Hague  and  Brooks  were  merchant  partners  of  no 
mean  ability  and  in  the  college  book  store,  after  hours, 
were  held  the  preliminary  meetings;  and  in  the  same 
room,  amid  the  paraphernalia  of  college  life,  on  March 
15,  1873,  a  solemn  obligation  was  administered  by  one  to 
another  and  we  were  declared  to  be  'a  band  of  brothers'. 
The  scope  and  intent,  almost  the  exact  words,  of  that 
obligation,  is  known  by  all  brothers.  All  had  a  share  in 
the  production  of  constitution,  by-laws,  ritual  and  'work', 
but  the  ideas  and  inventions  of  Clay  were  perhaps  the 
most  important  and   are   fixed   in  our  fraternal   fabric." 

It  is  customary  to  accredit  Clay  with  the  leadership  in  the 
discussions  which  led  up  to  March  15,  1873.  Without  a  doubt 
tradition  speaks  truly.  However  this  statement  by  Hague  should 
be  put  upon  record  and  incidentally  raises  a  legitimate  query: 
"The  society  met  in  the  spring  of  '73  and  much  work  was  done, 
the  master  spirit  being  Brother  X.  Y.  Clark".  After  the  death 
of  both  Clark  and  Clay,  Barrett  wrote  again : 

"And  the  leader,  who  w^as  he?  Seventy-five  had  but 
one  leader  in  all  matters  requiring  originality,  foresight, 
energy,  and  perseverance.  None  of  his  class  will  demur 
to  the  statement  that  Clay  was  the  leader  of  us  all.  It  is 
the  fibre  of  his  mind,  woven  into  this  fraternal  fabric, 
that  largely  contributes  to  its  strength,  durability  and 
beauty". 

Brooks,  thirty  years  later  still,  said  the  same.  Under  date  of 
March  10,  1903  Campbell  contributed  the  .following  statement, 
which  perhaps  reconciles  or  explains  the  somewhat  conflicting 
opinion  of  Barrett  and  Hague.  He  said,  "I  think  it  is  conceded 
by  all  the  original  number  that  Jabez  W.  Clay  was  the  first  man 
to  suggest  the  formation  of  the  Order,  and  I  dare  say  that  Xenos 
Y.  Clark  may  have  been  the  first  person  he  broached  the  subject 
to". 

As  a  matter  of  fact  there  is  glory  enough  to  go  around.  Hague, 
the  only  one  versed  in  the  mysteries  of  free  masonry,  contributed 
much  in  the  matters  of  ritual.  Brooks  was  a  Good  Templar,  but 
seems  always  to  have  been  the  aulhoritN'  upon  constitution.  Of 
course  the  early  organization  was  very  simjole.  The  genius  of  the 
hour  lay  in  the  vision  and  personality  of  this  little  group  of  men. 
After   their  esoteric   plans  had    finally   been   laid   and   an   oath   of 


Beginnings  25 

fealty  evolved,  it  was  Hague  who  administered  it  to  the  others 
and  afterward  took  it  himself.  This  chapter  cannot  close  more 
fittingly  than  with  the  words  of  Hague  written  in  1885  regarding 
the  origin  of  the  Order: 

"After  more  or  less  talk,  the  suggestions,  most  of  them 
very  good,  took  shape,  and  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  the  result. 
Only  as  yet,  however,  in  embryo,  the  seed  grew,  and  little 
by  little  the  goodly  child  of  to-day  is  the  fruit.  Let  us 
trust  to  keep  on  growing  till  it  shall  become  a  fullgrown 
man,  having  the  strength  to  help  and  protect  its  members, 
wisdom  to  guide  them  to  helpful  and  good  things  as  to 
college  life,  and  love  so  warm  that  all  its  members  shall 
feel  its  kindly  glow,  that  brotherly  love  may  indeed  be  a 
reality  and  not  an  idea". 


CHAPTER  TWO 
T^  J.   (1873-1878) 

The  symbolism  underlying  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  came  with  the 
foundation.  It  was  largely  the  work  of  Clay  and  Clark.  Looked 
at  from  the  perspective  of  fifty  years  it  may  be  seen  to  have  been 
highly  remarkable.  How  did  it  happen  that  those  six  college  lads 
ever  evolved  a  symbolic  expression  of  their  allegiance  so  dignified, 
so  appropriate  in  every  detail,  so  adaptable  to  all  of  the  subsequent 
stages  of  our  development?  The  whole  idea  was  complete  for  the 
first  formal  meeting  of  the  Order.  It  has  never  been  revised.  It 
never  will  be.  Surely  the  hand  of  genius  was  at  work  in  the  evo- 
lution and  adoption  of  the  symbols  of  this  Fraternity. 

Most  of  the  esoteric  also  came  very  early.  This,  however,  can 
hardly  be  said  to  bear  the  hallmarks  of  genius;  it  is  very  under- 
graduate in  all  of  its  manifestations.  The  fascination  which  comes 
with  the  mysterious,  and  particularly  with  the  mystic,  is  something 
to  which  youth  is  forever  susceptible  and  from  which  grey-bearded 
age  can  never  get  wholly  away.  In  his  heart  the  boy  realizes  per- 
fectly well  that  his  esoteric  work  is  all  a  game,  that,  unlike  his 
symbolism,  it  is  largely  meaningless;  but  his  instinct  tells  him  that 
it  is  good,  and  he  gives  himself  over  to  it  with  all  the  zest  of  his 
being.  To  those  who  are  in  and  to  those  who  are  out,  the  secrecy 
of  an  order  adds  much  to  its  piquancy  and  hence  to  its  strength, 
a  fact  which  the  materialistic  enemies  of  the  college  fraternit^^ 
might  profitably  be  made  to  realize. 

The  secret  alphabet  dates  from  the  foundation.  It  represents 
this  universal  love  of  the  esoteric,  and  has  exactly  the  same  sig- 
nificance as  the  bolt  which  the  Founders  immediately  put  upon 
their  precinct  door,  for  which  service,  by  the  way,  Hague  is  accorded 
the  most  extravagant  acknowledgments  in  the  early  minutes.  The 
secret  code  of  communication  was  largely  a  gesture,  but  it  was 
nevertheless  inevitable.  Its  characters,  except  as  they  were  a  part 
of  the  initial  symbolism  of  the  Order,  were  wholly  artificial,  but  in 
no  sense  elaborate  or  fantastic.  And  they  were  more  or  less  in 
common   use  in  the  official  documents  of  the  first  two  or  three 

26 


T^±  27 

years.  In  fact  throughout  this  period  the  secretary  and  treasurer 
always  indicated  the  date  in  terms  of  the  new  establishment. 
Gradually,  however,  the  secret  characters  fell  into  disuse,  and  it  is 
now  only  the  exceptional  brother  who  can  give  correctly  the  esoteric 
alphabet  of  his  Order. 

Nevertheless  about  this  alphabet  centers  some  of  the  most 
interesting  history  of  this  period.  The  name  of  the  Fraternity, 
as  every  properly  initiated  brother  knows  it,  came  with  the  foun- 
dation. It  is  part  of  the  symbolism  which  from  the  very  beginning 
was  good  for  all  time.  The  Founders  wrote  this  name,  of  course, 
in  terms  of  their  secret  alphabet.  This  was  all  very  well  until 
such  time  as  they  were  prepared  to  make  public  the  fact  of  their 
newly  established  brotherhood.  At  that  point  they  ran  into 
difficulties,  which,  apparently,  they  had  in  no  way  anticipated. 
It  came  to  pass,  naturally  enough,  that  their  cryptic  characters 
could  not  be  explained.  That  was  as  it  should  be.  But  it  came 
to  pass  also  that  they  could  not  even  be  pronounced.  And  thus  it 
happened  that  for  nearly  five  years,  as  far  as  the  outside  world 
was  concerned,  our  Fraternity  was  an  order  without  a  name. 

The  first  president  of  the  society  was  Clay;  the  second  was 
Brooks.  Clark  was  never  president.  Possibly  the  chronic  illness 
which  later  resulted  in  his  leaving  college  caused  Clark  to  decline 
some  burdens  of  fraternal  leadership.  Southwick's  tribute  to 
Clay,  thirty-five  years  after  his  death,  indicates  the  impression 
which  the  pioneer  executive  made  upon  his  classmate: 

"No  one  could  find  a  better  man  in  every  respect 
than  Clay  was.  He  was  a  wonderful  man  in  every  way. 
Everybody  followed  his  lead". 

The  new  fraternity  took  up  headquarters  in  North  College,  in 
a  suite  of  rooms  directly  opposite  the  college  store.  The  study  was 
devoted  to  the  social  life  of  the  Order,  and  the  bedrooms  were  used 
for  initiations  and  other  esoteric  practices.  During  the  spring  about 
fifty  dollars  were  spent  for  furnishings  for  these  rooms.  There 
were  also  other  current  expenditures,  including  items  of  lemon  and 
sugar,  suggestive  of  temperate  indulgence.  This  raises  the  interest- 
ing question  of  finance. 

Personal  dues  were  one  dollar  a  quarter;  initiation  fees  seem  to 
have  been  two  dollars  and  a  half.  Obviously  other  funds  must 
have  been  forthcoming.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Order  it  was 
voted  to  borrow  fifty  dollars,  and  at  the  third,  the  sum  was  amended 


28  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

to  read  seventy-five.  Thus  it  was  that  early  in  April  Clay,  Barrett 
and  Brooks  went  to  call  upon  Professor  Levi  Stockbridge  in  his 
office  above  the  woodshed  of  the  old  Stockbridge  house.  They 
told  him,  doubtless  with  considerable  hesitation,  that  they  wished 
to  borrow  some  money  in  the  name  of  their  nameless  fraternity. 
His  answer  is  a  striking  testimony  both  to  himself  and  to  our 
Founders.  It  was  to  this  effect:  "Gentlemen  if  you  want  over  two 
thousand  dollars,  I  shall  need  a  day  or  so  to  arrange  it,  but  any 
smaller  sum  you  may  have  to-night".  When  the  pageant  of  our 
history  shall  be  presented,  that  scene  must  not  be  overlooked. 
The  young  men  came  back  to  North  College  with  seventy-five 
dollars,  protected  by  note,  and  within  six  years  the  debt  had  been 
paid  in  full. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  fraternal  year,  at  an  anniversary^ 
gathering  which  lasted  until  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  Clay 
gave  an  address.     It  began  as  follows: 

"A  little  more  than  one  year  since  half  a  dozen  mem- 
bers of  the  class  of  '75,  believing  in  the  advantages  of 
college  secret  societies  and  not  wishing  to  join  any  then 
in  existence,  resolved  to  start  a  new  one.  After  much 
thought  and  many  deliberations,  on  the  loth  of  March 
1873,  they  bound  themselves  together  by  solemn  oaths 
under  the  name  of  T^  X. 

"To-night  we  are  gathered  here  to  celebrate  the 
anniversary  of  that  event  and  to  commemorate  the 
progress  made  during  the  first  four  quarters.  During 
this  time  our  numbers  have  doubled;  our  prosperity  has 
been  unexampled;  our  society  has  continually  gained 
respect  and  advanced  in  position;  our  members  have  en- 
gaged, often  as  leaders,  in  whatever  maintains  the  repu- 
tation of  the  college  or  advances  the  interests  of  her 
students.  By  these  means  they  have  shown  themselves 
worthy  of  a  brother's  position  in  this  the  strongest  (bond) 
and  of  societies  the  most  secret". 

The  speaker  then  went  on  to  enumerate  the  more  important 
events  of  the  period,  which  were  almost  without  exception,  the 
initiation  of  new  members.  The  first  man  to  be  initiated  into  the 
society  was  George  A.  Parker,  president  of  the  sophomore  class. 


T^X 


29 


DR.    JOSEPH    E.    ROOT 


30  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

and  the  second  was  Andre  A.  Southwick,  president  of  the  junior 
class.  The  writer  is  tempted  to  imitate  the  brevity  of  Caesar 
in  this  pregnant  bit  of  history. 

In  1898  Parker  wrote:  "I  have  a  distinct  remembrance  of 
that  evening,  how  I  was  buried,  resurrected  into  the  hght,  or 
rather  darkness,  of  the  Order,  branded,  instructed,  emptied  of  my 
old  self  and  filled  anew  with  their  purpose.  It  was  the  Founders'  first 
attempt  to  make  out  of  an  ordinary  man  one  like  unto  themselves." 

And  Campbell,  referring  in  1903  to  the  initiation  of  vSouth- 
wick,  said,  "I  nearly  split  with  laughter  to  see  the  antics  that  Clay 
would  put  the  candidate  through".  And  further,  "  I  think  it  was 
Clay's  idea  of  putting  the  candidates  into  the  box  and  lowering 
them  into  the  coal  cellar  where  he,  as  Firebrand,  would  conduct 
them  on  a  long  journey." 

Early  in  the  fall  two  other  men  had  been  initiated.  They 
were  not  so  prominent  as  undergraduates  as  were  Parker  and 
Southwick,  but  because  so  many  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men  of  later 
years  have  come  to  know  and  love  them,  it  is  fitting  that  some 
personal  comment  be  made  at  this  time. 

Joseph  Edward  Root,  '76,  and  Peter  Mirick  Harwood,  '75, 
both  came  from  Barre;  also,  the  reader  recalls,  the  home  of  Barrett. 
All  three  men  were  hewed  out  with  a  broad  axe  as  the  New  England 
saying  goes.  In  later  years,  when  time  had  had  its  way  with  them, 
there  came  to  be  a  perennial  joke  between  Barrett  and  Root,  richly 
leguminous  as  you  will  observe,  to  the  effect  that  Root  had  stretched 
up  after  the  fashion  of  the  Barre  string  bean,  whereas  Barrett  had 
run  mostly  to  pod. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  record  that  all  four  of  these  initiates  were 
members  of  the  College  Christian  Union,  Root  in  fact  to  become 
its  president  during  his  senior  year.  One  is  moved  to  speculate  on 
the  hand  of  Hague  in  all  these  matters.  Both  Harwood  and  Root 
held  class  offices,  both  belonged  to  the  Washington  Irving  Society 
and  to  the  Gymnasium  Association.  Harwood  won  the  Farns- 
worth  Declamation  Prize,  and  Root  was  lieutenant  in  the  Battalion. 
Root  was  something  of  a  singer,  but  in  this  not  to  be  compared  with 
Southwick,  who  was  leader  of  the  college  glee  club. 

Let  us  now  return  to  Clay's  anniversary  address.  Its  tinal 
paragraph  is  of  great  interest: 

"When  reviewing  the  past  I  should  not  fail  to  notice 
the  introduction  of  literary  entertainments,  which  supph- 


T^±  31 

a  long  felt  want,  and  will,  it  Is  to  be  hoped,  add  much  to 
our  future  usefulness.  In  this  as  in  all  other  duties  it 
should  be  the  aim  of  each  to  do  the  part  assigned  to  him 
in  a  manner  creditable  to  himself  and  honorable  to  the 
Society,  remembering  that  he  who  works  the  hardest  will 
be  the  most  benefited  and  have  the  greatest  reward". 

The  introduction  of  these  literary  programs  took  place  in 
January  1874  upon  Clay's  own  recommendation;  they  were  to 
include  essays,  readings,  addresses  and  a  critic's  report,  the  subject 
matter  of  the  contributions  to  be  agricultural,  historical  and 
humorous.  How  few  undergraduates  of  the  twentieth  century 
can  possibly  appreciate  the  "long  felt  want"  to  which  Clay  refers! 
And  it  was  not  as  though  there  were  no  other  intellectual  organi- 
zations on  the  campus,  for  both  of  the  literary  societies  were 
flourishing  at  the  time.  Of  course  colleges  are  peculiarly  subject 
to  fads,  but  the  fact  remains  that  these  young  men  felt  poignantly 
the  essential  importance  of  mental  training,  and  this  fact  in  large 
measure  explains  the  stir  they  have  made  in  the  world. 

In  1876  the  Society  adopted  a  variegated  poster  scheme  for 
the  announcement  of  meetings.  Something  of  the  same  sort 
seems  to  have  been  in  vogue  with  the  other  two  fraternities.  The 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  poster  was  a  diamond  perhaps  ten  inches  by  six 
containing  the  three  mystic  characters  in  a  circle.  It  was  made 
in  five  colors,  and  to  the  initiated  the  color  indicated  the  kind  of 
meeting  to  be  held  the  current  week.  A  red  poster  meant  an 
ordinary  meeting;  a  black  one,  initiation;  a  brown  one,  business; 
a  white  one,  literary;  and  a  blue  one,  supper.  Incidentally  after 
a  new  man  had  been  initiated  into  the  Order,  he  decorated  his 
room  with  one,  or  all,  of  these  posters  to  declare  the  important 
fact  to  the  world. 

In  Dr.  David  Erastus  Baker's  fluent  and  readable  review  of 
the  season  of  1877  there  appears  the  following  description: 

"The  literary  meetings  were  resumed  with  much  en- 
thusiasm. The  impromptu  odes  of  Hall  and  Howe  of  '78 
would  have  dazzled  Odoacer.  The  delight  of  McQueen's 
impersonations  who  can  forget?  The  wordy  debates  on 
agriculture  and  kindred  topics  embracing  the  major  part 
of  the  world's  knowledge,  who  does  not  remember?  Even 
the  vagrant  nondescript  who,  listening  in  the  lower  hall 
(D.    G.    K.    headquarters),    caught   occasional    bursts   of 


32  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

eloquence  to  be  by  him  repeated  with  glee  at  next  day's 
dinner  table.  Wisdom  was  justified  of  her  children,  science 
of  her  votaries. 

"It  was  customary  early  in  the  term  to  vote  'to  have 
a  supper  near  the  end  of  the  term  with  the  usual  literary 
exercises'.  The  appetites,  physical  and  intellectual,  were 
thus  whetted  to  a  keen  edge  by  weeks  of  anticipation. 
The  jocund  evening  arrived,  various  dainties  were 
smuggled  into  the  hall  by  cautious  deputations,  and  the 
festivities  proceeded  at  quick  step.  The  cordial  welcome 
of  long  absent  brethren  including  founder  members,  the 
uproar  of  hilarity,  the  eager  gathering  about  the  table, 
the  intent  watching  of  the  carver,  the  keen  jests,  the 
peals  of  laughter,  ranging  the  gamut  of  excessively  human 
joy  from  shrill  falsetto  to  profoundest  bass,  the  ecstacy  - 
that  beamed  in  every  eye  and  swelled  up  in  chorus  of 
song,  the  loud  applause  that  swelled  out  for  orator  or 
poet,  the  cheers  that  hailed  a  favorite  toast,  the  groans 
and  jeers  when  college  antipathies  were  touched,  the 
intelligence  of  missing  brethren,  the  quiet  decorum  of 
business,  all  made  up  the  motley  procession  that  led  us 
in  turn  'from  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe',  until  the 
rosy  east  warned  us  that  slumber  could  claim  of  us  hours 
but  few  ere  the  chapel  bell  should  again  summon  us  to 
the  path  of  duty  and  the  way  to  glory". 

The  '76  delegation  consisted  of  three  men:  Parker,  Porter  and 
Root.  All  excellent  men — Root  records  that  the  first  won  the 
agricultural  prize  and  that  the  other  two  were  commencement 
speakers — they  do  not  on  the  face  of  it  seem  to  have  carried  on  the 
affairs  of  the  Fraternity  very  successfully,  for  during  this  year 
only  one  freshman  was  initiated,  and  he  died  within  a  month  of 
his  initiation.  The  explanation,  however,  lies  not  with  the  seniors, 
but  with  the  freshmen;  the  class  of  '79  was,  with  a  single  exception, 
the  smallest  ever  matriculated  at  M.  A.  C.  and  was  eventually 
to  graduate  only  seven  men.  Thus  the  Society  met  in  the  fall  of 
1876  with  nine  men,  two  of  whom — -Brooks,  graduate  student,  and 
Southwick,  manager  of  the  college  farm- — were  fratres  in  iirbe. 
It  seems  to  have  been  a  quiet,  pleasant  year,  and  at  its  close  the 
chapter  elected  Charles  Sumner  Howe  its  next  president  and 
dispersed  for  the  summer. 


T^± 


33 


CHARLES    SUMNER  HOWE 


34  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Something  should  be  said  about  Charles  Sumner  Howe.  He 
was  born  in  Nashua,  New  Hampshire,  September  29,  ISoS.  Thus 
it  may  be  observed  that  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Fraternity 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  and  was  graduated  from  college  under  twenty. 
It  is  apparent  that  at  Aggie  he  displayed  (or  acquired)  the  ad- 
ministrative ability  which  was  later  to  make  him,  as  a  college  head, 
a  national  figure  in  the  educational  world.  At  one  time  or  another 
he  was  president  and  vice-president  of  his  class,  director  of  the 
Social  Union,  president  of  the  Washington  Irving  Literary  Society, 
secretary  and  director  of  the  Rifle  Association,  director  of  the 
Fencing  Association,  and  treasurer  of  the  Reading  Room.  More- 
over he  was  the  editor  of  the  Index  and  class  prophet.  Incidentally 
he  was  something  of  an  athlete,  placing  second  in  the  mile  walk 
and  taking  two  prizes  in  military.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Society. 

The  delegation  of  '78  contained,  in  fact,  six  good  men, — a 
strong  group.  The  winter  and  spring  of  their  senior  year  were 
epochal  in  the  history  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 

There  was  general  dissatisfaction  with  the  quarters  of  the 
Fraternity.  They  were  inadequate  in  themselves ;  they  were  badly 
located;  they  were  hardly  decently  private.  It  w^as  agreed  by 
every  one  that-  something  must  be  done,  and  what  was  done  is 
delightfully  narrated  by  Dr.  Baker,  from  whose  memoirs  we 
have  quoted  before. 

"Brothers  Howe  and  Hall  of  '7S  and  Fowler  were  the 
committee  elected  to  arrange  for  a  new  room,  select  the 
site  and  interview  the  faculty'.  At  the  next  meeting  the 
report  of  these  accomplishments  was  accepted ;  the  Societ>' 
at  the  same  time  pledging  itself  to  raise  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  dollars.  To  Brother  Howe,  '7S,  was  delegated 
the  mission  of  securing  aid  from  the  alumni.  Number  1() 
North  College  was  obtained  by  petition  of  the  faculty. 
The  spirit  of  the  hour  is  indicated  in  the  only  thing 
recorded  of  the  following  anniversary-  (March  15):  the 
conspicuous  toast  'our  palace  which  is  to  lie'.  The 
occasion  is  memorable  as  happy  in  a  literary  and  happier 
in  a  social  way,  for  the  new-born  project  was  on  everv 
tongue  and  the  air  trembled,  vibrant  to  the  movement. 

"With  the  spring  vacation  the  work  began  in  good 
earnest.    What  a  hammering  was  there  then  nu"  brethren! 


T^  ±  35 

I  well  remember  it.  The  first  day  was  one  of  demolition. 
Brigham,  C.  S.  Howe  and  myself  conducted  the  work. 
Valiantly  the  former  swung  his  axe  against  the  partition 
walling  off  a  bedroom,  and  with  combined  wrenching, 
tearing  and  pounding,  the  litter  accumulated  rapidly. 
At  length  the  rampart  fell  and  two  rooms  were  wedded 
into  one  apartment,  sacred  in  future  to  Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 
Then  followed  the  boarding  off  of  the  loft  above  the  room 
that  no  curious  inquisitor  might  probe  our  secrecy  from 
above.  The  writer  remembers  sitting  on  the  inquisitive 
edge  of  the  thin  board  partition  as  it  climbed  up  into  the 
roof;  also  with  what  exultation  the  door  was  fastened  into 
place  that  was  to  render  our  assurance  doubly  sure.  It 
was  before  the  days  of  manual  training  schools  since  so 
popular,  yet  we  learned  to  lathe,  plaster  and  paper  while 
assisting  the  mechanics,  saving  outlay  for  labor  that  the 
funds  might  be  more  satisfactorily  expended  on  new 
furniture  and  the  carpets.  The  laying  of  the  latter  was 
a  long  task.  The  red  hangings  before  the  windows  screened 
with  firm  shutters,  provided  for  the  exclusion  of  an  excess 
of  cold,  light  and  outside  investigation,  albeit  one  horny- 
handed,  obstreperous  professor,  who  with  all  his  knowl- 
edge should  have  known  better,  forced  entrance  at  an 
unguarded  moment  one  subsequent  vacation  (it  was  while 
painters  were  at  work). 

"The  hour  of  dedication  was  at  hand.  Yesterday — 
to-day — to-morrow!  What  depths  of  meaning  in  those 
words  at  such  a  time!  All  were  saddened  at  leaving  the 
chapter's  birthplace.  Solemnly,  tenderly,  almost  rever- 
ently we  took  leave  of  the  cradle  of  her  we  loved. 
Brother  Howe,  '78,  apostrophized  the  old  room  in  a  touch- 
ing farewell,  that  made  the  lips  tremble  and  found  an  echo 
in  every  heart.  Hesitatingly  we  bade  good-bye  and 
marched  in  column  of  twos  to  the  'better  home  above', 
quickening  the  steps  as  the  golden  stairs  approached  the 
summit.  Entering,  we  shook  hands  all  around  in  con- 
gratulation. 

"An  original  song  by  Hall,  '78,  to  the  tune  of  Oh 
Landlord  Fill  the  Flowing  Bowl  followed.  Brother  Brigham 
then  gave  a  stirring  dedicatory  address,  emphasizing  the 


36  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

higher  obHgation  that  came  with  larger  privilege.  After 
another  song,  a  poem  by  the  writer  concluded  the  formal 
exercises". 

Dr.  Baker  goes  on  to  speak  of  maple  sugar  contributed  by 
Campbell,  who  was  married  and  farming  in  his  Vermont  home; 
of  a  small  debt  incurred  to  finance  the  change  of  residence;  and 
of  a  new  society  knock  which  was  forthwith  adopted.  Strictly 
speaking,  however,  it  was  not  a  new  knock,  but  simply  a  new 
adaptation  of  what  is  referred  to  familiarly  in  the  records  as  "the 
T^  J.  knock".     Dr.  Baker  then  continues: 

"The  change  of  scene  had  compelled  a  change  in  the 
initiation  ceremonies.  The  rival  of  Calcutta's  Black 
Hole  could  no  longer  be  conveniently  reached,  so  the 
torture  of  precarious  descent  to  unknown  leagues  of 
subterranean   travel   was   regretfully   abandoned." 

The  first  two  stanzas  of  Hall's  song  were  as  follows: 

"Come  brethren,  join  in  this  our  Room, 
While  hearts  o'erfiow  with  pleasure; 

We've  left  the  old  and  take  the  new 
With  joy  beyond  all  measure; 

Chorus 

For  to-night  we'll  merrily  sing; 

For  to-night  we'll  merrily  sing; 

For  to-night  we'll  merrily  sing 

A  song  of  joyful  welcome. 

"To  our  old  room  we've  said  farewell, 

Though  with  a  tinge  of  sadness; 
But  now  all  that  has  passed  away, 

And  left  us  mirth  and  gladness." 

It  is  perhaps  worthy  of  record  that  the  Fraternity  at  this 
time  was  on  all  but  intimate  terms  with  the  Q.  T.  V.  Society. 
Indeed  it  is  with  love  in  his  tones  that  Baker  speaks  of  "friendly 
Q.  T.  V."  The  two  groups  were  apparently  exchanging  freely  the 
little  amenities  of  college  life  and  cooperating  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare of  their  Alma  Mater.  Not  yet,  however,  do  we  find  our  men 
referring  graciously  to  the  chapter  D.  G.  K. 


T^J.  37 

Commencement  again!  Of  the  five  ranking  men  of  the  grad- 
uating class,  four,  including  Brigham  who  was  valedictorian,  were 
of  our  Order. 

And  with  commencement  and  alumni  reunions  came  the  formal 
organization  of  the  Grand  Chapter.  This  was  in  1878;  there  were, 
therefore,  thirteen  alumni  members  of  the  Order.  The  idea  of  the 
Grand  Chapter  was  not  a  new  one.  The  degree  was  provided  for 
in  the  original  constitution,  and  is  referred  to  by  its  esoteric  name 
in  the  early  records  of  the  undergraduate  organization.  It  seems 
even  to  have  had  a  president  and  a  secretary,  the  former,  naturally 
enough,  being  Clay.  But  apparently  it  considered  itself  a  nominal 
rather  than  a  functioning  body  at  that  time,  and  it  seems  both 
fitting  and  historical  to  say  that  its  life  as  an  independent  body 
began  with  its  records  in  the  spring  of  1878. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  alumni  on  June  19,  presided  over  by  Clay, 
those  parts  of  the  Fraternity  constitution  which  related  to  them 
were  read.  Hague  then  moved  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to 
draw  up  a  constitution  for  the  Grand  Chapter  and  to  report  to  an 
adjournment  meeting  that  same  evening.  The  committee  appointed 
was:  Clay,  Barrett,  Harwood,  Howe  and  Baker.  At  the  evening 
meeting,  held  in  the  local  hotel  in  connection  with  an  elaborate 
banquet  given  by  the  undergraduates,  this  committee  presented  a 
simple  constitution  which  was  accepted  by  the  Grand  Chapter  as 
its  law.  The  Grand  Chapter  then  elected  as  its  first  constitutional 
officers  Charles  Sumner  Howe,  president,  and  Alvan  L.  Fowler, 
secretary. 

The  question  then  arose  regarding  an  outside  name  for  the 
Fraternity.  In  writing  of  the  year  1876  Root,  who  had  been 
president  for  two  quarters,  said : 

"The  question  of  an  outside  name  for  the  Society 
was  now,  as  it  had  been  for  the  last  two  years,  a  most 
fertile  one  for  debate.  The  fact  of  it  was  that  we  were 
being  called  all  sorts  of  names  by  the  outside  world  be- 
cause no  one  could  interpret  the  T^  X.  Many  thought 
the  characters  were  three  t's  and  called  it  'tea-trade  and 
traffic'.  But  for  some  unexplainable  reason  our  place  of 
abode,  which  was  then  the  inside  rooms  at  the  foot  of  the 
stairs  in  the  west  entry  of  North  College,  was  called 
Hell's-Huddle;  or  to  put  it  more  mildly,  we  were  called 
Huddlers." 


38  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

It  might  be  added  that  Professor  Stockbridge's  way  of  referring  to 
the  Fraternity  in  which  he  had  taken  so  generous  an  interest  was 
"t,  double  t,  upside-down  t". 

To  say  that  the  subject  was  "a  most  fertile  one  for  debate" 
was  certainly  no  exaggeration.  For  four  years  the  matter  was 
constantly  on  and  oft  the  table,  and  no  less  than  seven  committees 
struggled  with  this  Gorgian  knot  during  the  period.  The  first  com- 
mittee, composed  of  Barrett,  Brooks  and  Harwood,  reported  back 
in  January  1875,  with  the  result  that  the  Society  voted  "not  to 
have  an  outside  name".  A  second  committee,  composed  of  Barrett, 
Harwood  and  Howe,  suggested  that  the  Order  should  adopt  a 
motto,  and  that  this  motto  should  be  incorporated  into  an  out- 
side name.  But  no  acceptable  motto  seemed  forthcoming,  and 
this  committee  was  in  turn  dismissed.  A  third  committee  reported 
during  this  same  spring.  Brooks  was  chairman  of  this,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  minutes  of  the  meeting  to  which  he  reported,  he  was 
tendered  an  expression  of  sympathy  by  Barrett  and  Harwood, 
presumably  the  two  previous  chairmen. 

Brooks'  committee  may  have  been  continued.  Anyway  during 
the  winter  of  1875  the  matter  was  taken  up  again.  Brooks,  an 
alumnus  in  residence  now,  suggested  the  name  Ban  San  Kar,  and 
after  some  discussion  it  was  voted  to  recommend  this  name  to  the 
Grand  Chapter.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  the  alumni 
ever  gave  to  this  recommendation  any  formal  consideration.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1876  a  fourth  committee,  this  time  composed  of 
Brooks,  Southmayd  and  Howe,  made  another  futile  effort  to  soh'e 
the  difficulty.  Another  year  rolled  by.  Early  in  the  winter  a  fifth 
committee,  Howe,  Baker  and  Brigham,  was  appointed  to  consider 
"outside  words  and  signs",  and  its  report  is  declared  accepted. 
Baker  in  his  review  of  this  period  attributes  to  this  committee  the 
selection  of  our  outside  name,  and  it  seems  fairly  certain  that  its 
general  character,  if  not  its  final  form,  was  here  determined.  The 
I  \  JL  were  translated  into  Greek,  and  the  initial  letters  of  the 
Greek  words  became  the  exoteric  name.  Howe  was  studying 
Greek  privately  at  the  time,  and  without  question  it  was  he  who 
evolved  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  However  that  this  committee  did  not 
bring  the  matter  to  a  final  conclusion  is  indicated  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  sixth,  the  following  spring:  Baker,  Gladwin  and  E.  D. 
Howe.  This  committee  made  no  report,  and  E.  D.  Howe,  searching" 
his  memory  after  forty  years,  thought  that  its  function  may  lune 
been  the  publicit}^  of  the  name  (possibK-  among  the  alumni)  rather 
than  its  selection. 


T^  ±  39 

Anyway  the  matter  was  brought  up  before  the  first  meethig 
of  the  Grand  Chapter  in  June.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that 
the  name  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  actually  considered  at  that  meet- 
ing; it  certainly  was  not  accepted.  The  action  which  the  alumni 
took  was  this: 

"that  the  officers  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  with  two 
undergraduates  of  the  T  \  X,  form  a  committee  to  select 
a  name,  and  they  to  send  their  report  for  concurrence  to 
four  graduate  members;  also  if  all  concur  upon  the  matter, 
that  the  action  of  this  committee  be  final". 

Two  members  of  this,  the  seventh,  committee  were  Howe  and  Fowler, 
The  other  two  and  the  four  concurring  graduate  members  are  un- 
known. The  committee,  however,  acted  promptly,  for  before 
October  Howe  had  reported  to  the  active  chapter  that  "by  vote 
of  the  Grand  Chapter  the  outside  name  shall  be  Phi  Sigma  Kappa". 
Practically  all  of  the  secret  signals  and  the  like  date  from  this 
period.  The  password,  as  Brooks  attests,  came  with  the  foun- 
dation, but  apparently  was  not  in  common  use  until  later.  The 
grip  and  some  other  signs  emanated  from  a  committee  composed 
of  Brooks,  Root  and  Hague,  whose  report  was  accepted  in  the 
spring  of  1875.  Some  additions  were  made  to  the  repertory  by  the 
Baker-Brigham-Howe  committee  mentioned  above,  to  which  Baker 
clearly  refers  in  the  following  passage: 

"Equally  acceptable  were  the  signals  for  the  identi- 
fication of  brethren  returning  to  the  fold.     Thereafter  no 

stray  member  seeking  our  beacon  light need  sigh  for 

recognition.  His  most  natural  inquiries  concerning  our 
Alma  Mater  at  once  raised  him  in  the  estimation  of  the 
proper  informer,  while  the  solicitude  of  the  stranger  as 
to  the  personal  identity  of  his  new-found  friend  at  once 
elicited  a  clasp  of  the  hand  that  had  far  more  than  civility 
in  it". 

It  should  be  called  to  the  reader's  attention  that  during  these 
first  five  years  the  insignia  of  the  Fraternity  were  simply  the  three 
esoteric  characters,  the  three  t's,  in  a  circle, — the  pledge  pin  with 
which  every  one  is  familiar,  with  this  difference  that  the  back- 
ground in  the  circle  was  black  instead  of  magenta.  And  the  jewelry 
of  the  Fraternity  was  simply  a  little  onyx  ring,  adopted  in  the 
winter  of  1874,  containing  the  insignia.  They  have  come  to  be 
rather  precious — those  rings. 


40  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Thus  at  the  first  turn  in  the  course  we  find  the  young  society 
running  strongly.  Ensconced  in  quarters  which  at  that  time  seemed 
palatial,  conspicuous  in  affairs  of  classroom  and  campus,  reorganized 
to  provide  permanently  for  the  alumni  group,  delivered  from  the 
opprobrium  of  obnoxious  nick-names,  conscious  of  inherent  worth 
and  preeminent  destiny,  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  were,  to  keep  the 
figure,  nobly  off.  At  the  half  century  mark  we  are  devoutly  grate- 
ful for  that  splendid  start. 


CHAPTER  THREE 

Pi  Chapter  (1878-1887) 

With  the  adoption  of  an  outside  name  and  the  formal  organi- 
zation of  the  Grand  Chapter,  came  also  the  nomination  of  the 
undergraduate  group  as  the  Pi  Chapter  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  Pi 
was  selected  as  the  initial  letter  of  the  Greek  word  for  "first". 
This  designation  prevailed  a  little  longer  than  the  period  covered 
in  chapter  three,  but  may  be  used,  loosely,  to  indicate  the  stretch 
from  the  fall  of  1878  until  the  end  of  1887. 

The  graduation  of  the  strong  delegation  of  '78  left  the  Society 
with  no  seniors.  There  were  five  juniors  and  five  sophomores. 
Fowler  was  president.  However  the  incoming  class  was  a  large 
one,  the  chapter  applied  itself  to  the  task  in  hand,  and  in  the  course 
of  the  term  a  brace  of  nine  novitiates  was  secured  from  the  class 
of  '82,  and  eventually  three  other  names  were  to  be  added  to  this 
list,  making  a  round  dozen  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  a  record  not  to  be 
even  approximated  by  any  other  delegation  during  this  period. 
One  of  the  dozen,  albeit  a  graduate  member,  was  Daniel  Willard, 
for  years  a  national  figure  as  president  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad.     Another  was  John  Ashburton  Cutter. 

As  an  undergraduate  Cutter  was  not  so  prominent,  either  in 
the  chapter  or  about  the  campus,  as  some  of  his  classmates,  particu- 
larly, perhaps.  Burton  A.  Kinney  and  Frederick  G.  May.  But  in 
the  national  Order  he  was  to  be  for  a  long  and  critical  period  the 
central  figure,  and  his  initiation  is  therefore  an  historical  event  of 
outstanding  importance.  Like  Clark  he  was  blessed  with  a  peculiar- 
ly gifted  father.  Dr.  Ephraim  Cutter  of  Boston  and  later.  New 
York.  This  man  had  enjoyed  the  rare  distinction  of  working 
under  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  During  his  long  life  he  made 
more  than  eight  hundred  contributions  to  medical  literature,  and 
he  was,  moreover,  "an  ingenious  discoverer  and  inventor  of 
instruments  and  procedures"  in  both  medicine  and  surgery.  As 
for  the  freshman  son,  he  seems  to  have  settled  quietly  into  his 
corner  at  M.  A.  C,  preparing  for  the  time  when  he  should  assert 
himself  in  walks  of  leadership  for  the  welfare  of  our  Fraternity. 

41 


42  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

In  June  1879  the  Grand  Chapter  added  to  its  estabhshed 
offices  (president  and  secretary)  a  third,  that  of  historian.  Parker 
was  the  first  to  hold  it.  He  was  followed  by  Harwood.  But  it 
was  not  until  1885,  when  Cutter  was  elected  to  this  office,  that  it 
assumed  its  full  intended  significance  in  the  life  of  the  Fraternity. 
Cutter  planned  to  have  each  fraternal  year  reviewed  in  considerable 
detail  by  some  brother  in  a  position  to  offer  first-hand  information, 
with  the  thought  that  eventually  these  records  should  be  suitably 
bound  and  preserved  as  the  complete  history  of  the  Fraternity. 
To  this  plan  he  devoted  himself  with  all  of  his  fine  enthusiasm, 
and  he  succeeded  in  making  the  record  very  nearly  complete  up 
through  the  period  under  present  consideration.  Much  of  the 
material  used  in  this  and  the  previous  chapter  had  its  source  in 
these  annual  reports. 

Two  or  three  of  them  Cutter  wrote  himself,  and  in  one  he 
went  into  some  detail  in  describing  his  own  initiation.  To  the 
fifteen  year  old  boy  it  must  all  have  been  very  exciting: 

"The  unexpected  awakening  at  2  a.  m.  to  find  the 
light  of  a  bull's-eye  staring  one  in  the  face,  the  solemn 
command  to  get  up  and  dress,  the  stealthy  progress 
through  entries  as  dark  as  Egypt  with  the  admonitory 
grunts  of  the  conductor  to  unseen  allies  at  doors  or  in 
corners,  the  blindfolding  in  front  of  North  College  with 
its  accompaniment  of  remarks  as  to  the  moon's  being 
in  the  right  place,  the  mysterious  whistle  with  its  still 
more  mysterious  answer 

"Walking  the  plank  over  a  stream  a  thousand  feet 
below  (the  ravine)  was  one  of  the  great  acts.  Poor 
Bishop,  alas,  tumbled  'the  thousand  feet'  into  the 
brook 

"The  journey  from  the  earth  to  the  room  was  not 
an  easy  one.  When  the  third  floor  was  reached,  one  had 
to  crawl  up  and  through  a  window  and  down  on  his  belly 
on  the  patent  swing  ladder  into  Fowler's  bedroom.  By 
more  climbing  the  fourth  floor  was  attained,  and  then 
the  candidate  was  put  into  the  luxurious  coffin.  The 
writer  well  remembers  how  his  nose  was  bumped  when 
Perry  and  his  minions  gently  carried  hint  into  the  secret 
chamber." 

This  was  still   before   the  davs  of   the   histrionic   ritual   with 


Pi  Chapter  43 

which  most  readers  are  famiHar.  There  was  merely  a  bit  of  formal 
dialogue  and  then  the  oath-taking.  Of  the  latter  Cutter  wrote  in 
1921: 

"That  simple  oath  of  the  old  days,  so  well  written 
by  the  Founders,  covered  everything,  and  I  can  repeat  it 
practically  word  for  word  today.  The  candidate  knelt 
before  a  shrine,  whose  principal  element  was  a  death's 
head  sufficiently  illuminated,  the  president  solemnly 
seated  above,  the  neophyte  was  unblindfolded  and  took 
in  the  details It  was  all  well  done." 

It  is  worthy  of  record  that  the  writer,  in  the  early  history 
first  quoted,  proceeded  to  deprecate  the  dependence  upon  horse- 
play, much  of  which  is  primitive  and  part  of  which  is  actually 
dangerous. 

"What  is  needed  is  an  initiation  which  is  a  ceremonial 
without  any  bear's  play  or  monkeying.  Our  principles 
can  yield  us  a  something  which  will  impress  the  mind  of 
the  candidate  that  he  is  going  into  an  order  worth  belong- 
ing to,  and  without  the  least  danger  of  hurting  his  self- 
respect". 

And  Cutter  later  had  something  to  do  with  supplying  a  dignified 
and  impressive  dramaturgy.  And  yet  from  the  "iniquitous  con- 
ception" in  Goessmann's  laboratory  in  the  winter  of  1873  even  to 
the  passing  of  our  fiftieth  milestone  the  whole  question  of  rough- 
house  initiation  has  challenged  the  ingenuity  and  the  idealism  of 
our  men.  Innocent  and  natural  as  it  has  usually  been,  it  is  still 
one  of  the  sensitive  spots  of  our  first  half-century. 

Historically  the  outstanding  event  of  the  winter  of  1879  is  the 
origin  of  The  Signet.  Although  the  usual  literary  committee  had 
been  appointed,  interest  had  been  lagging  for  some  time,  and  there 
was  discussion  as  to  the  abandonment  of  the  white  poster  altogether. 
Howe  was  still  on  the  campus,  doing  graduate  work;  and  acting  in 
part  at  least  upon  his  suggestion,  the  chapter  voted  in  November 
1878,  "that  we  have  a  paper,  that  it  be  edited  by  Brother  C.  S. 
Howe,  that  he  shall  have  power  to  appoint  two  assistant  editors, 
that  these  three  constitute  a  committee  on  literary  exercises".  The 
following  April  the  minutes  of  the  secretary  contain  this  state- 
ment: "Brother  Johnson  then  read  a  selection,  which  was  followed 
by  the  reading  of  The  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  Signet  by  Brother  Gladwin, 


44  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

president."  The  Signet  was  simply  a  semi-occasional,  manuscript 
organ,  and  it  failed  to  effect  any  marked  renaissance  in  letters. 
It  was,  however,  the  product  of  the  early  literary  activity  of  the 
Fraternity  and  is  therefore  one  of  our  oldest  and  most  dignified 
traditions. 

The  year  ending  in  June  1881  was  a  critical  one  for  Pi  Chapter. 
Elmer  Dwight  Howe,  later  trustee  of  the  college,  was  the  only 
senior  to  return,  and  he  became  president.  The  '82  delegation 
had  dwindled  down  to  four,  and  one  of  them  was  away  from  the 
campus,  because  of  illness,  most  of  the  fall  term.  There  were  two 
sophomores.  The  class  of  '82  had  entered  about  eighty  men;  the 
incoming  freshman  class  numbered  exactly  fifteen,  only  four  of 
whom  were  to  complete  their  course.  Indeed  the  sophomore  class 
was  not  much  larger.  Obviously  it  was  a  serious  state  of  affairs. 
The  D.  G.  K.'s  had  just  moved  into  a  house  across  the  ravine,  and 
from  this  vantage  point  rather  exultantly  predicted  that  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  would  not  last  throughout  the  winter.  They  could  not, 
however,  have  felt  particularly  secure  themselves. 

Pi  Chapter,  it  seems,  had  been  allowed  the  use  of  their  North 
College  rooms  free  from  rent,  a  striking  instance  of  indulgence  on 
the  part  of  college  authorities.  Now,  however,  President  Stock- 
bridge  informed  the  boys  that  they  would  have  to  lease  the  rooms 
and  pay  for  them  at  the  customary  rates.  The  announcement 
seems  to  have  been  a  staggering  surprise,  and  it  is  indicative  of 
prevailing  bad  blood  that  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men  have  charged 
certain  of  their  fraternity  rivals  with  having  put  the  president  up 
to  this  step  with  the  expectation  that  it  w^ould  prove  indeed  a 
knock-out  blow.  The  allegation  was,  however,  wholly  fantastic 
and  unfair  to  the  generous  and  friendly  executive,  as  a  single  glance 
at  the  general  situation  at  M.  A.  C.  will  show. 

The  college  herself  was  going  through  the  greatest  crisis  of 
her  history.  Charles  L.  Flint  had  served  as  presideni  throughout 
the  previous  year  without  pay.  The  Governor  of  the  Common- 
wealth had  proposed  through  special  committees  that  the  M.  A.  C. 
plant  be  given  over  to  Amherst  College  and  that  the  state  assume 
no  further  responsibility  for  it.  On  April  2-t  the  legislature,  after 
having  appropriated  funds  to  meet  the  current  debts  of  the  in- 
stitution, voted  that  the  trustees  should  be  thereafter  held  person- 
ally responsible  for  any  deficit  which  might  be  incurred.  Accord- 
ingly the  trustees  proceeded  to  cut  all  expenditures,  to  sell  at  auction 
most  of  the  blooded  stock  in  the  barns,  to  abolish  one  professorship 


Pi  Chapter  45 

entirely  and  to  reduce  the  salaries  of  every  one  else  on  the  faculty. 
Surely  it  is  blindness  and  prejudice  to  look  for  sinister  motives 
behind  President  Stockbridge's  request  that  these  rooms  return  a 
nominal  income  of  twenty  dollars  a  term. 

Still  it  was  a  hard  blow  for  the  already  impoverished  Society. 
E.  D.  Howe,  in  his  record  of  that  year,  laconically  remarks,  "There 
was  no  other  way;  so  we  buckled  down  to  it  and  raised  the  dues. 
This  heavy  tax  came  near  busting  the  shebang,  but  those  who 
held  on  and  are  now  out  in  the  world  are  not  sorry  for  the  sacrifices 
made". 

While  the  chapter  was  worrying  over  the  question  of  how  to 
pay  the  landlord  and  how  to  make  neophytes  without  freshmen, 
word  came  through  that  on  October  1,  1880,  Jabez  W.  Clay, 
Founder,  had  died  of  pneumonia  in  his  place  of  residence,  New  York 
City.  It  was  a  striking  example  of  the  failure  of  the  fittest  to 
survive.  The  brilliancy  of  his  college  record  had  continued  un- 
diminished. With  Barrett  he  had  gone  into  the  fertilizer  company 
of  the  famous  William  H.  Bowker,  M.  A.  C,  '71,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  manager  of  the  New  York  Office.  Mr.  Bowker 
told  Brooks  that  Clay,  "by  sheer  force  of  character,  had  attained 
greater  responsibility  and  emolument  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
than  had  any  of  his  classmates".  An  added  element  of  pathos  lay 
in  the  fact  that  the  young  man  was  about  to  be  married,  was 
finally  married,  in  fact,  from  his  death  bed. 

Clay's  interest  in  the  society  had  continued  active.  Only  the 
year  before,  the  chapter  minutes  record  gifts  of  money  from  him 
and  from  Barrett.  The  news  of  his  death,  therefore,  came  as  a 
personal  shock  to  the  younger  as  well  as  the  older  men.  A  memorial 
meeting  was  held  in  the  chapter  rooms,  and  X.  Y.  Clark  gave  the 
obituary  address.  Resolutions,  adequate  and  appropriate  but  highly 
formal  according  to  the  conventions  of  the  time,  were  drawn  up  by 
E.  D.  Howe,  May  and  Cutter,  and  given  the  usual  publicity. 

Hardly  of  historical  import  but  symptomatic  of  the  prevailing 
state  of  mind  was  a  quarrel  which  developed  over  the  unauthorized 
purchase  of  a  Yale  lock  for  the  door  of  the  rooms.  E.  D.  Howe 
records  that  the  bill  was  in  the  nature  of  the  last  proverbial  straw, 
and  Cutter  confesses  to  have  been  the  "chief  sinner".  However 
the  whole  matter  blew  over  naturally  enough,  a  market  being 
found  for  the  old  lock;  and  the  chapter  buried  the  hatchet  by 
chipping  in  for  a  sleighride  to  Greenfield  and  supper  at  the  Mansion 
House.  It  is  not  surprising  that  the  men  should  have  been  "touchy" 
during  that  gloomy  winter  of  1880-1881. 


46 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


KINNEY  S   COAT    OF    ARMS 

(1S82) 


Pi  Chapter 


47 


-'J  (Q)  (1  iO 


)^ 


ITS   EVOLUTION 
(1890) 


48  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Spring  brought  at  least  one  ray  of  light, — the  initiation  of. 
Elisha  A.  Jones  of  the  notoriously  inadequate  freshman  class. 
The  story  of  this  coup  d'etat  is  pleasantly  told  by  E.  D.  Howe. 

"In  the  spring  vacation  we  caught  a  fish  that  all  the 
societies  were  trying  for,  namely  E.  A.  Jones  of  '84,  thought 
to  be  the  only  smart  man  in  the  whole  class.  May  and 
Cutter  spent  about  four  hours  talking  to  the  obstinate 
cuss,  till  at  about  11:30  p.  m.  he  consented  to  join  if  he 
could  be  initiated  before  midnight  and  have  a  supper. 
These  conditions  he  made  thinking  to  get  rid  of  his 
persecutors,  but  they  told  him  to  be  ready  in  fifteen 
minutes,  and  they  would  call  for  him.  So  May  and 
Cutter  routed  up  the  other  Society  men  who  were  staying 
at  the  college,  Howe,  '81,  and  Kinney,  '82,  and  by  sponging 
on  Howe,  who  boarded  himself,  for  a  supper,  were  enabled 
to  hold  Jones  to  his  agreement.  Great  was  the  surprise  of 
the  other  society  men  on  returning  to  find  over  Jones' 
door  the  T^  X  signs". 

It  is  certainly  worthy  of  note  that  although  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
was  graduating  only  one  senior  in  the  spring  of  1881,  she  neverthe- 
less added  another  valedictorian  to  her  list.  E.  D.  Howe  was  also 
class  orator,  editor  of  the  Index  and  captain  in  the  Battalion.  He 
was  a  man  of  much  ability  and  sound  judgment,  with  a  saving 
sense  of  humor.  In  latter  years  he  said  that  he  held  all  of  the 
offices  in  the  chapter  with  the  exception  of  the  treasurership,  "not 
being  able  to  secure  bondsmen",  and  it  seems  certain  that  he  was 
largely  responsible  for  carrying  the  Society  through  a  very  tr3-ing 
period. 

With  the  adoption  of  an  outside  name  came  also  the  question 
of  a  new  coat  of  arms.  The  old  insignia  was  simply  the  three  t's 
in  a  circle,  and  in  the  '79  Index  we  find  that  still  in  use,  but  with 
the  new  caption  "Pi  Chapter  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa".  There  is 
some  confusion  as  to  the  history  of  the  new  cut  which  made  its 
appearance  in  188.2.  Apparently  three  committees  worked  on  it: 
one  made  up  of  Kinney  and  Alfred  A.  Hevia;  another  of  Bishop 
and  Cutter;  a  third  of  Kinney,  Hevia  and  E.  A.  Jones.  May.  in 
many  respects  the  backbone  of  the  '82  delegation,  was  opposed  to 
tampering  with  things  of  tradition.  Out  of  the  turmoil,  however, 
appeared  a  new  cut,  together  with  a  bill  for  fifteen  dollars.    Kinney 


Pi  Chapter  49" 

should  receive  credit  for  the  design.  It  contained  the  original 
three  t's  on  a  black  background,  inscribed  in  a  pearl-studded  circle, 
as  a  center-piece.  This  was  placed  upon  an  irregularly  shaped 
shield,  which  contained  below  the  center-piece  the  words  "Founded 
in  1873"  and  two  small  circles  containing  block  crosses;  and  which 
was  breasted  above  by  a  scroll  containing  the  name  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa.  Above  the  shield  was  a  representation  of  the  ring  with 
an  owl  sitting  within  it.  English  ivy  leaves  aspirant  furnished  a 
final  touch.  When  the  cut  was  presented  to  the  chapter,  a  storm 
broke.  The  three  t's  were  not  correctly  proportioned,  the  cross 
bars  being  in  every  instance  too  short.  The  chapter's  funds  were 
low,  however,  and  as  a  result  the  characters  remain  more  or  less 
out  of  proportion  even  to  this  day. 

The  present  coat  of  arms  grew  directly  out  of  Kinney's  a  few 
years  later.  The  Cornell  chapter  substituted  the  pin,  as  designed 
by  Duncan,  for  the  ring,  and  professional  designers,  under  Cutter's 
direction,  did  the  rest.  It  may  also  be  recorded  here  that  the  little 
design  which  was  used  for  years  to  head  the  quarterly  reports, — 
the  name  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  written  across  an  ornate  diamond,  the 
Sigma  embracing  the  esoteric  symbols  of  the  Grand  Chapter, — • 
was  also  Kinney's  work. 


KINNEY  S   DIAMOND   DESIGN 

The  literary  meetings  were  dying  out.  Even  The  Signet  could 
not  save  them.  The  historian  of  the  year  1882  reports  "a  few" 
literary  meetings,  one  of  which  was  a  genuine  success.  We  turn 
with  interest  to  the  program  of  this  exceptional  meeting,  and  find 
that  it  consisted  of  four  big  acts: 

1.  a  boxing  match 

2.  reading.  Max  Malone  on  the  Chinese  question 

3.  dancing 

4.  refreshments. 

This  program  impels  a  slight  digression.  The  Max  Malone 
reading  was  rendered  in  a  dress  borrowed  for  the  occasion  from 


50  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Mrs.  William  Kellogg.  For  years  the  majority  of  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  had  been  boarding  with  this  good  woman,  and  so  great  had 
grown  their  affection  for  her,  that  upon  the  occasion  of  the  opening 
of  the  new  rooms,  recorded  in  chapter  two,  as  a  very  high  and 
special  honor,  she  was  escorted  to  North  College  for  a  memorable 
inspection. 

It  would  seem  that  the  debates  and  extempore  speeches,  the 
papers  and  the  poems,  of  earlier  days  were  gone  forever.  Hevia, 
reporting  for  the  year  1883,  stated:  "We  had  two  literary  meetings 
that  year,  and  they  were  not  of  much  importance  as  the  fellows  did 
not  take  enough  trouble  to  prepare  for  them".  Sidney  C.  Bagley, 
reporting  for  1884,  records  a  revival:  "Early  in  the  winter  it  was 
thought  that  entertainments  ought  to  be  given  oftener;  and  it  was 
voted  that  each  member  should  take  his  turn  in  alphabetical  order 
in  furnishing  amusement  for  the  Society".  So  we  find  that  it  was 
"amusement"  that  this  generation  required,  and  we  are  prepared 
for  a  dearth  of  valedictorians  in  the  future. 

Bagley  narrates  how  Jones,  when  his  turn  came,  called  upon 
two  underclassmen  for  assistance,  set  fire  to  some  little  inflamm.able 
material  which  they  had  accumulated  on  the  side  of  Mount  Pleasant, 
rang  in  the  various  fire  alarms  nearby,  and  then  settled  back  to 
watch  the  community  turn  out  to  be  made  sport  of.  This,  then, 
was  literary  activity  in  1884. 

Nothing  is  on  record  for  the  next  two  or  three  years,  but  in 
1888  Wilfred  A.  Parsons  and  Robert  P.  Sellew  had  something  to 
report : 

"Except  for  getting  out  one  or  two  Signets,  there  was 
little  work  done  during  the  year.  We  occasionally 
managed  to  have  a  pleasant  social  meeting;  and  feeds, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  literary  attempts,  were 
provided  by  some  of  the  members  on  se\'eral  occasions". 

There  was  some  debating  however.  It  had  to  do  for  the  most 
part  with  the  material  welfare  of  the  chapter:  whether  the  Order 
should  purchase  new  furniture,  whether  the  room  in  the  loft  should 
be  further  finished  off,  et  cetera.  Bagley  refers  to  this  intellectual 
exercise  in  a  mildly  satirical  way: 

"The  subject  of  finishing  the  room  oxerhead  was 
brought  before  the  Society  at  an  appropriate  time;  not 
that  the  brothers  had  any  idea  of  taking  any  acti\-e  step 


Pi  Chapter  51 

in  that  direction,  but  it  had  become  an  estabHshed 
custom  to  bring  up  the  matter  a  certain  number  of  times 
each  year.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate 
and  report,  which,  being  done,  the  report  heard,  accepted 
and  entered  upon  the  records,  the  matter  was  dropped 
as  usual". 

There  had  been,  however,  a  radical  cutting  of  doors,  without 
permission,  looking  toward  a  greater  securit}^  of  entrance  to  the 
rooms;  and  Howell  states  that  seventy-six  dollars  were  expended 
for  furniture  during  his  senior  year. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  fifteenth  anniversary  of  the  founding, 
Parsons  and  Sellew  presented  to  the  Grand  Chapter,  in  lieu  of  a 
report,  a  highly  analytic  and  informative  document.  It  contained 
a  characterization  of  the  other  fraternities,  so  impartial  and  judicial 
as  to  be  actually  impersonal.  In  this  respect  it  was  a  very  remark- 
able piece  of  exposition.  Immediately  following  a  discussion  of 
another  group  which  is  found  to  be  made  up  of  "solid  men"  making 
a  big  point  of  character  and  low  expenses,  we  find  the  following 
delineation  of  our  own  chapter.     Fragmentary  excerpts  will  suffice. 

"Scholarship — fully  as  good  as  the  average,  but  have 
not  got  the  most  brilliant  ones  in  college 

"Sports — we  have  not  been  especially  active 

"Military — same  position  as  sports 

"Internally — Everything   is   very   harmonious.  ...  In 

working  men  we  show  a  decided  lack  of  courage 

Attendance  at  meetings  is  small  on  stormy  evenings 
(many  members  live  at  a  distance) Literary  meet- 
ings are  few  and  far  between Many  of  our  members 

who  leave  do  not  pay  up  their  bills 

"This  Society  has  undeniably  dropped  from  its  former 
standard.  Probably  a  lack  of  work  or  a  proper  application 
of  it  may  be  a  part  of  the  blame,  but  a  considerable  part 
of  its  ill  luck  is  directly  traceable  to  so  many  men's  leaving 
college The  Phi  vSigs  have  lost  twelve  men  not  in- 
cluding graduates.  On  averaging  it,  this  makes  each  of 
the  other  societies  lose  two  men  per  year  while  we  lose 
six.  What  is  worse  still,  with  the  exception  of  two  juniors, 
all  of  the  men  in  the  other  societies  left  at  the  end  of  their 
freshman  year,  while  only  two  of  our  men  left  then,  and 


52  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

ten  during  the  junior  year,  when  they  are  of  most  im- 
portance. Again,  quite  a  number  of  these  were  expelled 
or  left  under  forced  circumstances  in  such  a  way  that  it 
reflected  little  credit  upon  the  Society". 

It  is  not  the  intention  of  the  historian  to  disparage  the  life  of 
our  Fraternity  during  these  years.  Most  of  our  elumni  of  this 
period  would  be  indeed  a  living  refutation  of  anything  of  that 
sort.  But  the  records  which  have  been  preserved  for  us  speak  for 
themselves,  and  they  indicate  in  no  uncertain  terms  that  the 
leaders  in  Pi  Chapter,  more  credit  to  them,  realized  the  weakening 
of  morale  and  the  failure  of  progressive  brotherhood.  It  was  a 
time  when  too  few  were  the  hands  to  pass  along  the  torch,  but  the 
flame  of  faith  was  not  allowed  to  fall,  and  did  not  fail. 

The  Grand  Chapter  seems  to  have  functioned  normally  through 
out  the  period,  although  it  is  true  that  there  were  no  meetings  in 
1880,  1882,  and  1884.  In  1882  May,  Cutter  and  Howell  ran  off  a 
dinner  that  may  have  actually  frightened  alumni  away.  Engraved 
invitations  were  sent  out  for  this  banquet,  the  price  for  which  was 
to  be  $2.50  a  plate.  This  was  1882  and  in  the  country.  But  the 
menu!  What  a  menu  at  any  price!  It  contained  sixty-three 
dishes,  and  although  the  diner  was  apparently  expected  to  make 
some  selections,  still  what  a  golden  opportunity!  In  the  post- 
prandials  the  Grand  Chapter  was  represented  by  Barrett  and 
Parker;  they  were  the  only  alumni  to  appear. 

Throughout  this  period,  however,  the  leaven  of  nationalization 
was  constantly  at  work  in  the  minds  of  the  undergraduates  and 
of  the  alumni  alike.  But  that,  as  Kipling  would  say,  is  another 
story. 


CHAPTER  FOUR 
Alden  March  (1888) 

"At  the  beginning  only  a  local  society  was  in  mind".  This 
testimony  was  given  by  Barrett  in  a  formal  address  in  Amherst 
in  1914  and  may  be  accepted  as  reliable.  There  is  nothing  to  in- 
dicate that  the  Founders  in  1873  gave  to  nationalization  so  much 
as  a  thought.  The  other  two  societies  in  M.  A.  C.  were  both  at 
that  time  local,  and  it  is  unlikely  that  our  boys  were  greatly  in- 
fluenced by  what  went  on  in  Amherst  College  at  the  other  end  of 
town.     Expansion  was  a  bridge  not  yet  in  sight. 

Very  soon,  however,  the  question  did  present  itself.  On  April 
28,  1875  Brooks,  as  president  of  the  society,  "stated  that  he  had 
received  communications  from  gentlemen  in  the  Maine  Agricultural 
College  (later  the  University  of  Maine)  with  reference  to  the 
formation  of  a  chapter  of  this  brotherhood  in  that  college".  A 
committee  of  three.  Brooks  chairman,  was  appointed  with  "full 
power"  to  consult  with  the  Maine  men,  and  no  further  mention  of 
the  matter  appears  in  the  minutes.  Baker,  who  was  secretary  at 
the  time,  stated  years  later  that  "in  conference  it  was  deemed  best 
to  delimit  the  Order  for  a  time  to  the  institution  where  it  originated". 

Very  early  a  tradition  established  itself  to  the  effect  that  the 
Maine  organization,  having  failed  to  effect  an  affiliation  with  our 
fraternity,  approached  the  Q.  T.  V's  and  eventually  became  the 
second  chapter  of  that  society.  Plausible  as  this  would  seem,  the 
fact  is,  however,  if  we  may  trust  Baud's  Manual  and  the  testimony 
of  Q.  T.  V.  men  who  were  in  college  at  the  time,  that  their  coloni- 
zation in  Maine  took  place  in  1874,  at  least  four  months  prior  to 
the  consideration  referred  to  above.  The  Maine  group  who  pe- 
titioned Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  then,  were  following  the  lead  of  their 
college  mates  who  had  affiliated  with  Q.  T.  V.  Incidentally  a  few 
years  later  the  D.  G.  K.  society  made  a  rather  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  place  a  chapter  in  Boston  University.  Thus  it  is  obvious  that 
the  germ  of  nationalization  was  in  the  air,  and  that  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  was  subject  to  exposure  almost  at  birth. 

53 


54  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

It  is  futile  to  attempt  to  localize  the  first  symptoms  in  our 
body  corporate.  In  1912  Howe  sent  to  John  Adams  Lowe  a  state- 
ment which,  slightly  corrected  by  its  author  in  1920,  reads  as 
follows : 

"In  the  winter  of  1878  it  occurred  to  some  of  us  that 
our  organization  ought  to  be  more  than  a  local  society, 
and  that  in  order  to  extend  itself  to  other  colleges,  it 
would  be  necessary  to  have  a  Grand  Chapter  with  power 
to  grant  charters.  Fowler,  others  and  I  talked  the  matter 
over  for  many  months  before  broaching  it  to  the  alumni 
members.  The  idea  was  received  with  great  favor  by  such 
men  as  Barrett,  Hague  and  other  charter  members,  and 
the  Grand  Chapter  was  organized  in  the  spring  of  '78". 

That  the  impetus  for  nationalization  should  have  had  its  begin- 
ning with  the  undergraduates  was,  of  course,  wholly  to  be  expected. 
The  younger  men — Howe,  Fowler,  Baker,  Hall,  Brigham  and  the 
others — were  restless  for  bigger  things  and  took  up  the  matter  with 
the  alumni.  The  procedure  was  identical  with  that  which  was 
taking  place  in  the  project  of  an  outside  name.  But  if  the  Fraternity 
was  to  become  national  and  confer  charters  in  other  institutions, 
its  older  men  must  be  more  formally  and  more  efficiently  organized. 
Hence  the  Grand  Chapter  as  established  in  June  1878!  Howe  and 
Baker  were  on  the  committee  which  drew  up  its  constitution,  in 
which  the  objects  of  the  Grand  Chapter  were  declared  to  be  "to 
watch  over  the  interests  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  grant  new  charters 
and  amend  the  society  constitution  when  necessary".  It  thus  be- 
comes apparent  that  the  organization  of  the  second  degree  was, 
to  a  considerable  extent  at  least,  a  development  from  the  desire  to 
colonize. 

Two  winters  more  and  the  matter  was  up  again.  The  prime 
advocate  of  expansion  at  this  time  was  a  man  by  the  name  of 
Nathaniel  Nelson  Jones,  '82.  Howe  had  gone  to  Albuquerque, 
New  Mexico  to  take  charge  of  the  preparatory  department  of  the 
recently  established  state  university,  and  it  was  Jones'  idea  that 
we  might  profitably  get  in  on  the  ground  floor  at  the  University 
of  New  Mexico.  Perhaps  it  was  the  hand  of  a  kind  proN'idence 
that  led  Jones  to  transfer  to  Boston  University  law  school  and  the 
chapter  to  abandon  this  chimerical  project.  Jones'  ambition  was 
excellent,  but  New  Mexico  was  altogether  too  far  awav. 


Alden  March  55 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Grand  Chapter  in  1881,  the  meeting  at 
which  Howe  was  succeeded  in  the  presidency  by  Barrett,  who,  by 
the  way,  was  to  hold  that  office  throughout  this  nationahzation 
period,  another  step  was  taken.  The  constitution  was  amended 
to  read:  "the  executive  committee  shall  have  power  to  establish, 
or  to  appoint  a  deputy  to  establish,  chapters  of  the  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa".  The  machinery  for  extension  was  now  complete.  It  re- 
mained only  to  find  a  desirable  recipient  for  our  invitation. 

In  the  fall  of  1883  Cutter  matriculated  at  the  Albany  Medical 
College  for  a  three  year  course  in  medicine.  Now  the  Albany 
Medical  College  had  been  founded  back  in  the  '30's  by  Dr.  Alden 
March,  so  early  a  pioneer  in  surgery  that,  according  to  tradition, 
upon  one  occasion,  interrupted  in  the  midst  of  an  operation  by  a 
band  of  interfering  objectors,  he  was  provoked  to  the  point  of 
attacking  them  with  his  knife  in  order  that  he  might  be  allowed 
to  continue  his  work  of  mercy  unmolested.  The  college  was  now 
thoroughly  established,  and  indeed  stood  well  among  the  medical 
schools  of  the  country.  Moreover  in  1873  it  had  become  a  part 
of  Union  University,  located  at  Schenectady,  a  very  old  and 
dignified  institution  of  learning. 

Cutter  has  told  how  he  spent  the  summers  of  '83,  '84,  and 
'85  working  on  the  farm  of  Williams,  of  shaving  soap  fame,  near 
Hartford.  "And  curiously  enough",  he  writes,  "while  driving  a 
horserake  in  the  beautiful  meadows  of  the  Connecticut  valley,  I 
began  to  dream  dreams  of  the  growth  and  the  power  and  the  glory 
of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa."  Cutter  made  up  his  mind  that  the  Albany 
Medical  College  ofi^ered  the  desired  opportunity  for  nationalization. 
Thereupon  he  took  up  the  matter  with  Root.  Root  did  not  warm 
to  it  very  heartily;  he  felt  that  the  time  was  not  yet  auspicious  for 
the  move.  Indeed  in  view  of  the  critical  situation  at  M.  A.  C. 
and  the  precarious  existence  of  Pi  Chapter,  it  is  easy  to  under- 
stand Root's  hesitency.  So  the  proposition  was  set  aside  for  the 
time  being. 

In  the  '86  delegation  of  Pi  Chapter  there  was  a  young  man 
by  the  name  of  Richard  F.  Duncan.  Duncan  came  from  Williams- 
town,  and  from  a  Congregational  missionary  family.  He  had  held 
most  of  the  offices  in  the  chapter  at  one  time  or  another.  He  was 
interested  in  athletics  and  had  quite  a  local  reputation  as  a  boxer. 
It  was  largely  due  to  him  that  the  chapter  secured  and  equipped 
a  gymnasium,  along  modest  lines  of  course,  in  the  armory.  The 
minutes  tell,  too,  how  he  was  authorized  to  negotiate  the  purchase 


56 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


DR.    RICHARD   F.    DUNCAN 


Alden  March 


57 


of  a  second-hand  shell,  with  the  plan,  presumably,  for  a  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  crew.  As  an  undergraduate,  too,  Duncan  designed  and  had 
made  a  fraternity  key.  It  was  similar  in  shape  and  size  to  the  key 
of  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  On  one  side  it  contained,  within  a  diamond, 
the  Greek  characters  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  and  on  the  other,  in  a 
scalloped  field,  the  two  t's  of  the  Grand  Chapter.  The  thought 
was  that  this  should  be  the  emblem  of  the  alumni,  but  there  is  no 
record  that  it  ever  received  official  recognition. 


DUNCAN  S    GRAND   CHAPTER    KEY 


The  autumn  follow^ing  his  graduation  from  M.  A.  C.  Duncan, 
under  the  influence  of  Cutter,  went  up  to  Albany  to  study  medicine. 
There  were  no  fraternities  in  the  medical  school.  A  professional 
college,  it  offered  little  enough  in  the  way  of  social  life;  and  a  city 
institution,  it  lacked  that  sense  of  family  unity  to  be  found  in  the 
small  college  in  the  country.  Still  Duncan  discovered  half-defined 
fraternal  yearnings  among  the  medics,  and  reported  as  much  to 
the  brothers  in  Pi  upon  his  return  to  Amherst  for  commencement 
the  following  June.  The  Grand  Chapter  held  a  meeting  at  this 
time,  presided  over  by  Barrett,  and  the  idea  of  going  into  Albany 
was  discussed,  with  a  generally  favorable  sentiment,  by  the  alumni 
present. 

So  much  for  formal  consideration.  Informally,  however, 
Duncan  and  Cutter  put  in  many  good  commencement  hours  thresh- 
ing the  whole  thing  over  between  themselves.  Indeed  while  the 
graduation  exercises  were  actually  in  progress,  these  two  might 
have  been  found  down  at  the  swimming  hole  in  back  of  the  home 
of  Mrs.  Kellogg,  dipping  alternatingly  into  the  water  and  into  the 
fascinating  speculation  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  National.     More  than 


58  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

this,  they  Hngered  on  in  Amherst  for  two  or  three  days  after  the 
commencement  crowd  had  departed,  still  held  by  the  alluring  con- 
sideration of  a  chapter  in  Albany.  To  this  prolonged  conference  the 
subsequent  history  of  our  Fraternity  is  certainly  due. 

As  the  scene  changes  from  Amherst  to  Albany,  let  us  con- 
tinue the  story  in  the  words  of  one  of  the  founders  of  the  new 
chapter,  Dr.  Charles  Edward  Davis,  of  the  class  of  '90: 

"During  the  winter  term  of  1887-88  it  had  become  the 
custom  of  a  certain  number  of  students  of  the  various 
classes  to  assemble  at  each  other's  rooms  for  the  purpose  of 
holding  quiz  classes  and  engaging  in  discussions  relating 
to  their  college  life.  These  meetings  were  found  to  be  so 
beneficial  that  it  occurred  to  several  of  the  students  that 
a  closer  organization  for  mutual  good  would  result  from 
establishing  a  central  meeting  point  where  regular  lectures, 
quizzes  and  talks  on  medical  subjects  could  be  held;  and 
at  the  same  time  continue  and  foster  the  friendly  relations 
which  then  existed.  Some  of  the  students  had  had  the 
advantage  of  a  college  training  and  had  there  learned  the 
benefits  derived  from  fraternity  life.  A  few  of  the  students 
were  especially  interested  in  establishing  a  chapter  of 
some  fraternity  at  the  college,  and  considerable  correspon- 
dence was  had  with  various  fraternities  throughout  the 
country  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  chapter  at  Albany. 
Among  the  students  most  active  in  this  movement  were: 
Richard  F.  Duncan,  A  '86,  Robert  Furman,  Jr.,  Frederick 
W.  Loughran,  Andrew  H.  Bayard,  John  W.  Kniskern, 
and  Charles  E.  Davis". 

Meetings  for  informal  discussion  of  the  matter  were  held  at 
the  home  of  Bayard  on  Grand  Street  and  in  Duncan's  room  on 
Hamilton  Street.    Various  different  fraternities  had  their  advocates. 

Duncan,  of  course,  was  arguing  for  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  Loughran 
held  a  brief  for  Alpha  Delta  Phi.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  strongest 
argument  for  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  the  utter  unlikelihood  of  a 
charter's  being  granted  by  Alpha  Delta  Phi.  This  group  of  men 
at  Albany  were  not  even  an  established  local.  Duncan's  task  was 
therefore  twofold:  first  to  effect  an  organization,  and  second, 
though  not  necessarily  in  point  of  time,  to  persuade  them  to  pe- 
tition Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  It  was  not  merely  a  problem  of  aftiliation; 
it  was  a  problem  of  foundation  as  well. 


Alden  March  59 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  not  one  of  the  men  mentioned 
above  was  a  senior.  A  httle  later,  however,  a  more  formal  meeting 
was  held  in  Duncan's  room,  to  which  were  also  invited:  Charles 
G.  Briggs,  Alfred  F.  Hodgman,  Charles  H.  Callendar,  Frank  M. 
Clement,  Walter  G.  Murphy,  John  Archibald,  Arthur  G.  Root, 
and  Charles  D.  Rogers.  Briggs  was  Duncan's  roommate.  It  was, 
in  Duncan's  words,  "a  pretty  lively  meeting".  Let  it  be  clearly 
understood  that  the  petitioners  in  this  instance  were  the  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa.  Cutter  in  absentia  and  Duncan  on  the  ground,  believing 
potently  that  their  Order  should  become  a  national  and  that  these 
unorganized  and  disagreeing  medical  students  offered  a  real  oppor- 
tunity, were  missionaries  and  worked  for  their  end  with  something 
not  unlike  the  fanatical  determination  of  religious  zeal. 

The  meeting  was  productive  of  a  decision  in  favor  of  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa.  It  was  not,  however,  an  enthusiastic  decision. 
Nobody  felt  that  affiliation  with  a  fraternity  of  only  one  chapter 
and  that  located  at  an  agricultural  college  was  any  great  achieve- 
ment. This  fraternity  did  not  even  boast  a  pin,  and  Duncan's . 
key  was  not  considered  an  equivalent.  Still  if  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
had  little  standing  in  the  Greek  letter  world,  neither  did  Albany 
Medical,  and  there  was  not  the  remotest  chance  of  Loughran's 
being  able  to  get  a  charter  from  Alpha  Delta  Phi.  Duncan  was  able 
to  assure  the  men,  too,  that  their  chapter  might  bear  the  name  of 
the  sturdy  old  founder  of  the  college.  Dr.  Alden  March.  And  so 
after  what  seemed  to  Duncan  interminable  debate,  it  was  voted 
to  petition  the  Grand  Chapter  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  for  a  charter. 

Thus  it  came  to  pass  that  on  January  26,  1888,  in  New  York 
City,  the  Executive  Committee,  empowered  seven  years  before 
to  act  upon  such  matters,  met  to  consider  the  petition  of  the  young 
men  from  the  Albany  Medical  College.  The  meeting  was  largely 
nominal.  Barrett  and  Cutter  were  the  only  two  members  actually 
present,  Brigham  and  Parker  voting  by  proxy.  It  is  inconceivable 
that  Cutter  failed  to  act  with  dispatch,  but  it  is  a  matter  of  record 
that  to  Duncan,  sitting  on  the  lid  in  Albany,  the  suspense  seemed 
endless.  It  was  no  small  job  to  keep  those  petitioners  to  their 
word.  Finally,  however,  the  answer  came.  The  charter  was 
granted,  the  chapter  should  be  nominated  Alden  March,  and  Cutter 
was  appointed  deputy  for  the  induction. 

On  the  second  of  February  Cutter  appeared  in  Albany,  loaded 
with  what  there  was  in  the  way  of  mystery,  and  ready  to  initiate 
the  group.     Already,  however,  defection  had  begun.     At  the  hour 


60 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


DR.    WALTER    H.    CONLEY 


Alden  March  61 

set  for  the  ceremony  at  Bayard's  house,  only  about  half  of  the 
candidates  for  fraternal  honors  were  present.  Loughran  was  ill 
and  unable  to  come.  Others,  rounded  up  to  receive  the  oath, 
began  to  marshal  up  again  all  of  the  ancient  objections  to  the 
petition.  Cutter  recalls  that  Arthur  Root  "was  the  man  fullest 
of  objections".  The  old  ground  had  to  be  all  gone  over  again.  It 
began  to  look  as  though  the  whole  thing  would  fall  through  after 
all.  It  became,  too,  more  or  less  of  a  personal  matter.  MacDonald 
would  join  if  Hoadley  would;  Hoadley  would  join  if  MacDonald 
would;  neither,  approached  separately,  had  any  very  definite  idea 
of  the  intentions  of  the  other.  There  was  no  spirit  of  team-play 
anywhere.    ^ 

However,  again  as  so  often,  they  who  knew  what  they  wanted 
had  their  way.  All  of  the  men  listed  above  became  charter  mem- 
bers. Then  there  was  Everett  E'i  Potter,  a  substantial  senior, 
who  became  the  first  president  of  the  new  chapter.  There  were 
also:  Samuel  E.  Armstrong,  Adam  J.  Blessing,  Willis  G.  Mac- 
Donald, Dayton  L.  Kathan,  Alfred  L.  Browne,  Alfred  H.  Hoadley, 
James  E.  Sadlier,  James  H.  Hutchens  and  James  Carr,  all  alumni. 
Not  all  of  the  charter  members,  however,  took  the  oath  on  February 
2.  Cutter  records  that  Browne  was  initiated  by  Bayard  later,  and 
that  he  himself  initiated  Armstrong  in  New  York  and  Hutchens 
in  Passaic.  Armstrong  has  told  of  his  own  experience  something 
like  this: 

"John  said  to  me  'Hold  up  your  hand  and  repeat 
after  me'.  I  repeated  something,  I  have  no  idea  what. 
'There',  said  John,  'now  you're  a  member  of  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa'  ". 

Very  naive  it  seems  to  us  now,  but  without  question  that  was  about 
what  happened  at  Albany. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  ten  of  the  twenty-four  charter 
members  were  alumni,  the  chapter  quickly  consolidated  into  a 
strong  active  unit.  Meetings  were  held  at  the  home  of  Clement 
and  in  Alumni  Hall.  Within  a  year  the  chapter  had  rented  rooms 
in  Beaver  Block  and  had  furnished  them  by  means  of  contributions 
of  furniture  by  the  membrs.  By  the  end  of  1888  seven  other 
names  had  been  added  to  the  roll,  one  being  that  of  Walter  H. 
Conley,  '91,  later  to  be  very  prominent  in  the  national  Order. 

We  have  noted  that  one  of  the  outstanding  objections  to  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa  was  the  fact  that  it  possessed  no  pin.     After  the 


62  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

induction  this  criticism  became  still  stronger,  and  Duncan  set  for 
himself  the  task  of  supplying  the  desired  badge.  Bayard  had  an 
uncle  in  town  who  was  a  jeweler,  and  after  Duncan  had  completed 
his  design,  this  man  made  up  the  first  pin  of  our  Fraternity.  It 
was  a  little  larger  and  a  little  slighter  than  the  standard  pin  to- 
day, but  the  arrangement  of  characters  was  identical  with  what 
we  know,  a  jeweled  Phi  superimposed  upon  a  Sigma  and  Kappa  of 
chased  gold.  The  jewels  were  a  combination  of  pearls,  turquoises 
and  emeralds,  and  the  pin,  which  is  still  in  existence,  is  most 
attractive.  The  men  were  delighted  with  it,  a  pen  sketch  was 
straightway  drawn,  and  others  had  badges  made  from  Duncan's 
design.  As  the  man  who  manipulated  the  nationalization  of  the 
Order  and  who  gave  to  it  its  permanent  pin,  Duncan  is  therefore 
a  figure  of  outstanding  significance  in  the  history  of  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa. 

Dr.  Davis'  account  of  the  origin  of  a  group  interest  in  Albany 
should  be  followed  by  a  further  excerpt  from  the  same  paper. 
This  relates  to  the  period  following  the  induction. 

"Topics  for  discussion  were  named  at  each  meeting, 
and  members  of  the  chapter  read  papers  of  interest.  From 
time  to  time  the  professors  in  the  college  were  requested 
to  give  lectures,  which  were  always  well  attended". 

Thus  we  see  that  the  second  chapter  was  at  the  beginning  con- 
cerned with  the  intellectual  as  well  as  the  social  possibilities  of 
the  Fraternity. 

This,  then,  is  the  story  of  the  establishment  of  Alden  March. 
And  thus  the  dream  of  Cutter  and  Jones  was  realized.  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  had  become  a  national. 


CHAPTER  FIVE 

Laws  and  Rituals  (1888-1894) 

The  period  of  1888-1894  in  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  is  reminiscent 
of  a  similar  period  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  just  about  a 
century  before,  the  period  during  which  the  old  Articles  of  Con- 
federation were  gradually  and  painfully  supplanted  by  the  Con- 
stitution. The  significance  is  the  same  in  both  instances.  More- 
over, although  constitution  drafts  are  pretty  much  alike  the  world 
over  and  make  very  dull  reading,  in  neither  instance  was  there 
anything  dull  in  the  processes  of  adoption.  The  times  were  fraught 
with  intense  excitement,  and  their  influence  upon  subsequent 
events  incalculable.  In  both  cases,  it  was  largely  and  fundament- 
ally a  question  whether  or  not  the  body  politic  was  to  be  a  loose 
confederation  of  small  but  sovereign  units  or  a  compact  union  with 
a  strong  centra!  authority  responsible  to  the  individual  members 
direct. 

It  will  be  recalled  that  the  Grand  Chapter  was  established  in 
1878  largely  to  provide  an  agency  for  nationalization.  Notwith- 
standing its  very  simple  organization  it  was  wholly  adequate  for 
that  function,  and  now,  a  decade  later,  the  Fraternity  had  become 
a  national  society.  No  longer  was  the  organic  law  acceptable  as 
such.  In  fact  already  the  two  offices  provided  for  by  the  original 
instrument  had  been  increased  to  four,  these  to  constitute  an  ex- 
ecutive committee  which  was  the  germinal  beginning  of  our  modern 
Council.  After  all,  the  Clay  constitution,  simple  as  it  was,  called 
for  amendment  rather  than  rewriting.     It  pointed  out  the  way. 

And  so  we  come  to  Amherst  on  June  18,  1888  to  attend  the 
first  general  convention  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  The  meeting  was 
called  to  order  by  its  president,  Barrett.  Parker,  '80,  secretary- 
treasurer,  was  absent,  and  Root  was  appointed  secretary  pro  tem. 
Brigham,  vice-president,  was  in  Japan,  and  Cutter,  historian,  in 
Kentucky.  The  delegates  from  Alden  March  were  Bayard  and 
Duncan. 

The  convention  acted  upon  two  petitions  from  the  newly 
established  chapter  in  Albany.    The  first  was  to  the  effect  that  the 

63 


64  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Fraternity  adopt  a  pin,  the  one  designed  by  Duncan,  as  the  emblem 
of  the  Order.  Cutter  had  sent  up  some  recommendations  from 
Louisville,  and  the  one  in  relation  to  this  petition  is  oddly  indicative 
of  the  general  inchoate  conception  of  a  nationalized  fraternity. 
He  wrote:  "I  am  in  favor  of  each  chapter's  being  allowed  to  choose 
its  own  emblem,  which  must  have  at  least  the  T  \  -L  engraved 
upon  it;  I  believe  that  there  can  be  no  harm  in  the  multiplicity  of 
emblems, — 'many  men  of  many  minds'  ".  The  convention  accepted 
the  Duncan  des'gn  as  an  official  but  not  necessarily  the  exclusive 
emblem  of  the  Fraternity. 

The  other  Alden  March  petition  was  for  the  privilege  of 
initiating  into  that  chapter  "alumni  who  are  not  members  of  any 
fraternity  which  may  have  chapters  in  any  college  in  which  our 
Fraternity  may  have  a  chapter  located".  This  petition  was  also 
granted. 

The  Albany  men  were  not  satisfied  with  the  ritual  as  then 
existing,  and  indeed,  as  we  have  noted,  it  was  very  brief,  being 
little  more  than  an  oath.  They  were  authorized  to  prepare  a 
ritual  for  submission  to  the  next  convention. 

But  the  principal  feature  of  this  Amherst  conclave  was  the 
presentation,  by  the  Executive  Committee,  of  a  new  draft  of  the 
constitution.  It  was  largely  Cutter's  work,  but  followed  closely 
the  old  constitution  as  far  as  that  document  went.  The  more  im- 
portant innovations  provided  for  were  these :  a  permanent  historian- 
ship,  alumni  clubs  with  the  privilege  of  representation  at  convention, 
alumni  chapter  organizations  with  the  right  of  incorporation, 
election  of  graduate  members  to  the  Fraternity  by  the  unanimous 
vote  of  the  active  chapter  and  its  alumni,  election  of  honorary 
members  by  the  Alden  March  chapter,  annual  conventions  with 
provision  for  four  votes  for  clubs,  two  for  chapters,  and  one  for 
chapter  presidents,  and  lastly,  the  assessment  of  a  voluntary  tax. 
This  draft  was  read,  discussed,  and  laid  upon  the  table.  It  was  the 
sentiment  of  the  delegates  that  no  hasty  amendment  of  the  con- 
stitution should  be  made. 

Duncan  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  and  the 
convention  adjourned. 

During  the  Christmas  recess  in  the  winter  of  188S.  while 
Robert  C.  Fletcher  and  Charles  J.  Arnold,  Cornell  underclassmen, 
were  at  their  homes  in  Albany,  they  came  under  the  influence  ot 
Sherwood  Le  Fevre,  Alden  March  '91,  who  talked  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
so  eloquently  and  persistently  to  them  that  they  returned  to  Ithaca 


Laws  and  Rituals  65 

determined  to  bring  to  pass  a  chapter  in  their  own  institution  with- 
out delay.  So  enthusiastically  did  they  go  about  the  matter,  and 
so  alluringly  did  they  in  turn  present  the  project  to  Peter  A. 
Delaney,  Charles  M.  Becker,  George  J.  Vogel,  and  James  S.  Ford, 
that  by  the  6th  of  February  a  petition  for  a  charter,  signed  by  these 
six  men,  had  been  granted  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  this 
Fraternity,  Cutter  and  Barrett  sitting  in  on  the  proposition  and 
Duncan  voting  by  proxy.  The  following  statement  is  from  the 
pen  of  George  Vogel: 

"At  the  old  Ithaca  Hotel  on  February  26th,  1889, 
they  were  formally  initiated  and  the  Gamma  chapter  was 
inducted  by  Arthur  Guernsey  Root,  B  '90,  and  Charles 
Edward  Davis,  B  '90.  As  ever,  it  was  an  impressive 
occasion  and  the  fraternity  ideals  were  well  taught  to  this 
small  and  congenial  body  of  brothers". 

In  later  years  Cutter  said  that  when  this  petition  came  through, 
he  "leaped  in  the  air  and  cried  out  for  joy,  in  the  privacy  of  his 
office".  It  meant,  of  course,  that  the  Fraternity  as  a  national 
organization  was  almost  certain  to  endure.  This  assurance  was 
particularly  welcome  just  then  in  view  of  the  all  but  desperate 
condition  of  the  chapter  at  Amherst.  The  reader  will  recall  the 
gloomy  report  of  Parsons  and  Sellew  in  1887.  The  following  year 
brought  no  improvement.  The  report  of  the  Executive  Committee 
to  the  convention  that  year  said  of  Pi  chapter,  "It  is  somewhat 
lethargic,  somewhat  timid,  but  most  of  all  it  is  in  a  state  where  if 
something  is  not  done  soon,  it  will  cease  to  exist".  It  is  obvious 
that  if  one  of  the  two  chapters  of  the  Fraternity  should  actually 
cease  to  exist — and  Pi  had  only  five  members  at  the  time — Phi 
Sigma  Kappa  national  would  also  cease  to.  exist  that  very  moment. 
Thus  the  petition  from  Cornell  was  a  blessed  surprise.  And  in 
the  fall  of  that  same  year,  upon  the  authorization  of  a  special 
convention  called  in  October  largely  for  this  very  purpose,  William 
C.  Parker  went  back  to  Amherst,  "re-initiated",  as  he  said,  one  or 
two  of  the  men  there,  and  in  some  miraculous  way  or  another 
succeeded  in  so  resurrecting  the  dying  chapter  that  the  following 
autumn  it  took  in  a  delegation  of  ten  men. 

The  Cornell  petitioners  had  specifically  requested  that  their 
chapter  be  designated  Gamma,  the  third  letter  of  the  Greek 
alphabet.  This,  of  course,  was  readily  granted,  but  it  led  to  a 
strong  opinion  by  virtue  of  which  the  other  two  chapters  at  last 


66  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

agreed,  Pi  on  March  21,  1891  and  Alden  March  on  February  27, 
to  abandon  their  old  names  in  favor  of  Alpha  and  Beta  respectively. 
In  view  of  the  sentiment  adhering  to  the  Albany  name,  this  con- 
cession by  the  Beta  men  was  both  gracious  and  generous.  There 
was,  indeed,  some  disposition  to  call  their  chapter  Beta — Alden 
March,  but  this  suggested  flourish  failed  to  root. 

There  were  two  conventions  in  1889.  The  first  was  held 
March  22  in  the  Old  Grand  Union  Hotel,  New  York.  The  dele- 
gates were  J.  T.  Hutchings  for  Pi;  F.  M.  Clement  for  Alden  March ; 
and  C.  M.  Becker  for  Gamma.  Among  the  others  present  was 
Conley  of  Alden  March.  There  was  some  miscellaneous  business, 
chief  of  which  was  the  authorization  of  the  Executive  Committee 
"to  adopt  designs  for  certificates  of  membership,  certificates  for 
charters,  and  for  the  grand  seal  of  the  Fraternity".  Officers  were 
elected  as  follows:  president,  Barrett;  vice-president,  Hutchens, 
Alden  March  '86;  secretary.  Cutter;  marshal,  Delaney,  Gamma  '89. 
The  main  business  of  the  convention,  however,  had  to  do  with 
the  constitution.  Barrett  and  Cutter  submitted  a  new  draft, 
which  finally  was  adopted,  tentatively,  until  another  convention. 

Still  keeping  closely  to  the  basic  articles  of  the  old  Clay  con- 
stitution, this  new  draft  was  still  considerably  different  from  the 
one  submitted  in  1888.  The  office  of  historian  was  now  combined 
with  that  of  secretary-treasurer,  and  its  place  was  taken  by  a  new 
one  whose  prerogative  seems  to  have  been  largely  to  examine 
credentials  at  conventions.  There  was  nothing  in  the  new  draft 
about  alumni  clubs,  graduate  and  honorary  members,  or  voluntary 
assessments.  The  provisions  for  conventions  were  considerably 
modified.  It  added,  however,  articles  providing  for  emblems  (pin 
or  ring),  certificates  of  membership  to  be  issued  to  initiates  upon 
the  receipt  of  a  grand  chapter  tax  of  two  dollars.  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
colors  (magenta  and  silver,  selected  by  Cutter  and  suggested  by 
the  maroon  and  white  of  his  alma  mater),  and  a  Grand  Chapter 
seal.     It  also  provided  for  a  charter  fee  ($10.00)  and  certificate. 

The  third  general  convention  was  pretentiously  announced  by 
means  of  printed  folders,  to  take  place  October  25  of  the  same  year 
and  at  the  same  place.  Again  the  principal  business  was  the  con- 
stitution. The  Executive  Committee  submitted  still  another 
draft,  and  this  was  finally  accepted  by  the  convention  and  officially 
transcribed  into  the  constitution  book. 

This  draft,  too,  calls  for  some  examination.  It  provided  for  a 
fifth  officer  in  the  Grand  Chapter,  an  auditor,  and  thus  relie\ed 


Laws  and  Rituals  67 

the  vice-president  of  a  duty  which  had  previously  devolved  upon 
him.  A  proposal  for  a  sixth  officer  to  be  known  as  Grand  Musician 
and  to  have  charge  of  the  ritualistic  music,  was  voted  down.  An 
amendment  to  provide  for  "extraordinary  membership"  of  an 
honorary  type  was  laid  upon  the  table.  Conventions  were  to  be 
called  at  the  will  of  the  Executive  Committee  or  upon  the  request 
of  one-half  the  chapters  and  clubs.  Chapters  and  clubs  were  each 
to  be  allowed  one  vote  at  convention,  and  the  organization  of  the 
clubs  was  officially  provided  for.  Every  imprint  of  the  seal  was  to 
be  numbered,  and  it  is  a  curious  bit  of  history  that  Cutter  actually 
numbered  every  imprint  up  to  598  and  kept  a  record  of  the  occasion 
for  using  the  seal  in  every  instance.  This  constitution  provided 
for  a  Grand  Chapter  tax  of  two  dollars  and  for  certificates  of  mem- 
bership, which  were  to  be  signed  by  the  Grand  Chapter  president 
and  secretary  and  the  chapter  president  and  marshal.  It  also 
provided  for  an  annual  assessment  of  one  dollar  in  the  Grand 
Chapter,  and  for  the  publication  "as  often  as  the  funds  of  the 
Fraternity  will  allow,  of  a  journal  called  The  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
Signet'".  There  was  also  the  old  chapter  constitution,  much  as 
it  is  to-day,  and  authorization  of  the  incorporation  of  the  Grand 
Chapter. 

The  matter  of  ritual  also  came  up  at  this  convention.  Le  Fevre 
had  introduced  a  clause  into  the  constitution  to  the  effect  that 
grips  and  recognition  signs  should  never  be  committed  to  writing, 
but  there  were  no  changes  in  these.  There  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  delegates  a  very  rough  draft  of  the  first  act  of  our  initiation 
ritual.  This  was  prepared  and  brought  down  from  Albany  by  Le 
Fevre.  There  was  also  before  this  convention  a  ritual  for  opening 
and  closing  the  chapter,  which,  with  a  single  exception,  contained 
all  of  the  business  to  which  we  are  accustomed  and  exactly  as  we 
know  it.  It  contained,  however,  a  good  deal  more.  This  also  was- 
the  work  of  Le  Fevre.  The  convention  voted  thanks  "especially 
to  Brother  C.  S.  Howe,  past  grand  president  and  author  of  the  form 
now  used  in  opening  and  closing  the  meetings",  and  that  the  new^ 
ritual  should  be  tried  out  until  the  next  convention. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  the  convention  refused  to  accept 
the  resignation  of  two  Pi  men  from  the  Fraternity,  thus  anticipating 
a  policy  which  later  found  expression  in  our  organic  law.  In  the 
election  of  officers  Fowler  took  Barrett's  place  as  president,  Parker, 
Pi  '80,  was  elected  to  fill  the  new  position  of  auditor,  and  the  other 
incumbents  of  the  Executive  Committee  remained  as  before. 


68  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

A  personal  note  essential  for  record  is  the  death  of  X.  Y.  Clark, 
Founder,  on  June  4,  1889  in  Amherst.  A  man  of  much  personal 
charm  and  unusual  ability,  he  had  yet  failed  to  establish  himself 
in  any  permanent  way.  There  was  an  element  of  pathos  in  his 
career.  He  had  fallen  in  love  with  a  cousin  of  his  classmate  Brooks, 
but  their  marriage  was  so  violently  opposed  by  her  guardian,  upon 
possibly  justifiable  grounds,  that  she  took  her  own  life,  and  he 
became  more  than  ever  a  restless  wanderer  going  to  and  fro  up  and 
down  the  earth.  He  was  a  draughtsman  for  a  time,  assistant  in 
natural  history  in  the  University  of  California,  teacher  in  the 
public  schools,  lecturer  on  microscopic  zoology  in  San  Francisco, 
and  research  worker  in  Germany  and  the  East.  He  contributed 
many  articles,  on  subjects  ranging  from  theology  to  pure  science, 
to  the  current  magazines,  and  finally  came  back  to  Amherst  to 
die.     He  was  lamented  in  the  third  convention  as  "poet,  scientist, 

author  and  inventor,  succumber  to  death  with  a  smile, one 

who  might  well  be  called  an  immortal;  his  body  was  not  strong 
enough  to  carry  his  wonderful  mind". 

A  special  convention  in  Amherst  in  1890  went  over  the  con- 
stitution again,  making  a  few  minor  revisions,  and  providing  for 
graduate  members  upon  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  active  chapter 
and  the  Executive  Committee.  This  convention  was  attended  only 
by  Pi  representatives,  and  was  perhaps  both  a  cause  and  a  symptom 
of  the  trouble  brewing  between  the  New  York  City  men  and  the 
chapters  up  state.  Apparently  the  two  New  York  conventions 
were  not  wholly  harmonious.  It  is  on  record  that  Barrett  admin- 
istered his  famous  soothing  syrups  and  knock-out  drops  in  allo- 
pathic doses.  Looked  at  from  this  distance  the  irritation  seems  to 
have  been  two-fold:  first,  the  feeling  in  Albany  that  two  or  three 
men  were  running  things;  and  second,  a  thorough  impatience  with 
what  was  being  accomplished  in  regard  to  the  ritual.  It  was 
probably  unfortunate  that  Cutter's  constitution  should  have  made 
his  own  office — a  secretary-treasurer-historian  combination  at 
that — theoretically  a  permanent  one.  There  were  surely  voices  in 
the  air  that  Cutter  wanted  to  be  king.  Then  the  Albany  men 
were  beginning  to  get  something  in  the  way  of  ritualism,  and  it 
did  not  seem  to  them  that  the  Executive  Committee  was  inclined 
to  cooperate. 

But  if  the  disaffection  seems  to  have  materialized  out  of  thin 
air,  it  nevertheless  rapidly  assumed  storm  proportions.  At  this 
point  it  was  not  that  anything  in  particular  was  wrong;  it   was 


Laws  and  Rituals  69 

rather  that  nothing  was  agreeably  right.  Perhaps  it  was  largely 
a  case  of  growing  pains,  as  Cutter  later  described  it.  Certainly 
there  was  in  it  an  element  of  resentment  against  something  not 
unlike  parental  authority,  and  the  diagnosis  would  seem  reasonably 
accurate. 

Certainly  the  up-state  men  were  restive  and  unhappy.  A  letter 
from  Delaney,  marshal,  in  1889  is  indicative  of  prevailing  winds: 

"There  is  quite  a  sentiment  in  Albany  against  chang- 
ing the  pin  on  account  of  the  number  of  men  who  have 
already  purchased  pins  here The  certificate  of  mem- 
bership scheme,  by  which  we  hoped  to  extract  two  dollars 
out  of  each  member,  seems  to  meet  with  very  great 
opposition,   and  perhaps  will   have  to  be  dropped". 

We  have  seen  how  Kinney's  coat  of  arms  was  revised  by  Gamma, 
and  later  radically  changed,  under  Cutter's  direction,  into,  our 
present  insignia.  The  latter  was  wholly  unacceptable  to  the 
Cornell  men;  "a  damned  abortion"  they  called  it.  Of  such  things 
were  the  complaints. 

Not  long  after  the  special  convention  in  Amherst,  which  pre- 
sumably infuriated  the  young  malcontents  of  Alden  March,  the 
Executive  Committee  received  a  communication  from  Conley, 
secretary  of  that  chapter,  requesting  "that  a  general  convention 
be  held  in  Albany,  New  York,  the  first  week  in  February  for  the 
purpose  of  revising  the  Grand  Chapter  constitution,  the  consti- 
tution of  Alden  March  chapter,  also  to  adopt  rituals,  signs  and 
other  secret  work,  and  any  other  business  that  may  come  before 
said  convention".  This  meant,  primarily,  that  the  new  ritual  was 
ready  for  demonstration. 

However  Cutter  may  have  felt  about  the  ritual,  he  did  not 
want  a  convention,  particularly  one  with  so  comprehensive  a 
program  as  this,  held  in  Albany.  He  replied  at  length.  He  called 
attention  to  the  expense  involved  in  such  a  conclave,  and  to  other 
urgent  demands  upon  the  Fraternity's  exchequer.  He  then  took 
up  the  reasons  advanced  for  holding  this  convention,  reviewed 
the  work  that  had  been  done  on  the  constitution,  and  then  wrote 
as  follows: 

"But  the  object  of  our  Order  is  not  the  making  and 
the  continual  revising  of  a  code  of  ethics;  broadly  stated, 
the  object  of  all  college  fraternities  is  the  association  of 


70  ■     Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

kindred  minds  for  the  purposes  of  mutual  improvement; 
and  the  great  benefit  of  the  convention  Hes  in  bringing 
the  brethren  together." 

Further,  as  to  revising  the  constitution  of  Alden  March,  it 
had  become  evident  that  the  chapter  constitutions  should  be 
uniform  and  they  had  been  made  practically  so;  nevertheless  Alden 
March's  desires  as  a  chapter  had  almost  without  exception  been 
respected  in  this  process.  The  revision  of  the  ritual  had  been 
definitely  delegated  to  the  Executive  Committee,  which  had  ordered 
the  use  of  a  tentative  one  for  trial.  "But  Alden  March  has  no 
right  to  initiate  a  man  and  give  him  a  different  oath  than  the  one 
now  prescribed  by  the  constitution;  such  a  man  will  not  be  accepted 
by  the  Grand  Chapter,  and  his  name  will  be  kept  from  the  archives". 
Moreover  Alden  March  was  known  to  be  ignoring  an  article  in  the 
constitution  introduced  by  one  of  her  own  men,  namely  that  pass- 
word and  signs  should  not  be  put  into  writing. 

Cutter  may  have  been  right  in  seeking  to  avoid  a  convention 
in  Albany  for  a  reconsideration  de  ncvo  of  everything  that  pertained 
to  the  Order,  but  his  letter  was  hardly  likely  to  appease  the  ex- 
asperated undergraduates.  Conley  replied  that  no  one  had  been 
irregularly  initiated  since  the  executive  order  had  been  "opened", 
whatever  that  meant,  and  enclosed  a  joint  request  from  Alden 
March  and  Gamma  for  the  proposed  convention.  This  consti- 
tutionally made  the  call  obligatory  upon  the  Executive  Committee; 
nevertheless  Fowler,  Hutchens  and  Cutter,  sitting  in  on  the  matter 
January  14,  sent  back  a  ruling  to  the  effect  that  no  convention 
would  be  called  so  long  as  the  two  chapters  concerned  remained 
in  financial  arrears  to  the  Grand  Chapter  for  their  charters. 

Two  days  later  an  answer  was  in  the  mails.  It  began:  "It 
is  an  unheard  of  condition  of  affairs  in  any  secret  organization 
that  all  of  the  conventions  should  be  held  in  one  or  two  places", 
and  ended,  "if  the  executive  committee  continues  in  its  obstinate 
course  and  does  not  obey  the  commands  of  Gamma  and  Alden 
March,  as  it  must  under  the  law,  said  chapters  will  take  the  law 
into  their  own  hands  with  the  same  right  that  a  people  does  against 
misgovernment.     In  one  week  we  shall  act.     This  is  final". 

Cutter  seems  to  ha\'e  replied  that  the  convention  would  be 
called  upon  receipt  of  the  charter  fees.  Under  date  of  January  23 
Le  Fevre  wrote  to  Vogel  adjuring  Gamma  not  "to  send  the  boodle", 
and    referring    to    negotiations  already  under  wa\-  with   Chi   Phi 


Laws  and  Rituals  71 

looking  toward  the  union  of  Gamma  and  the  Cornell  chapter  of 
that  fraternity  and  the  affiliation  of  Alden  March  as  a  new  chapter 
of  Chi  Phi  in  Union. 

The  convention  was  held.  Cutter  paid  the  Alden  March  in- 
debtedness out  of  his  own  pocket;  the  Gamma  fee  was  never  paid. 
Fowler  and  Hutchens  were  unable  to  be  present;  Cutter  therefore 
was  the  ranking  officer  and  took  the  chair.  Barrett  and  Parker 
were  with  him,  and  there  was  present  also  a  Pi  delegate  by  the  name 
of  Willard.  Gamma  sent  a  delegation  of  three.  But  the  majority 
of  those  present  were  men  from  Alden  March. 

The  morning  session  was  given  over  to  the  usual  routine. 
Cutter  read  a  report  for  the  Executive  Committee,  covering  six- 
teen typewritten  pages;  perhaps  he  intended  to  score  at  least 
once  in  the  ensuing  engagement.  Of  course  he  and  Barrett  were 
beaten  before  they  left  New  York,  and  knew  it  perfectly  well. 
The  first  skirmish  came  directly  after  lunch.  Conley  apprehended 
that  Cutter  was  about  to  call  the  meeting  to  order  before  the  Alden 
March  men  had  arrived  in  numbers,  and  protested  against  such 
action  vigorously.     Nothing,  however,  came  of  this. 

Then  Loughran  moved  that  no  proxy  votes  be  honored. 
Barrett  had  ten  Pi  proxies  in  his  pocket.  The  battle  was  on. 
The  constitution  was  referred  to.  Cutter  reluctantly  admitted 
that  there  was  no  legal  authorization  for  proxies.  Barrett  moved 
to  amend  the  constitution.     The  motion  was  buried  under. 

Then  they  came  to  a  general  reconsideration  of  the  consti- 
tution. When  the  first  article  had  been  read  by  the  secretary, 
Bayard  moved  that  it  be  adopted.  Cutter  declared  the  motion 
out  of  order  and  said  that  he  would  entertain  only  motions  to 
amend.  Le  Fevre  presented  an  amendment  to  provide  for  an 
office  of  inductor,  and  it  was  carried;  as  was  also  an  innocuous 
amendment  relative  to  chapter  visitation.  A  provision  for  ex- 
pulsion, vigorously  combated  by  Barrett,  who  declared  that  as 
long  as  he  should  be  in  the  Order,  he  would  fight  any  motion  to 
expel,  was  moderated  into  a  provision  for  discipline  and  carried. 
The  right  to  resign  was  again  denied.  There  were  two  or  three 
other  minor  revisions,  but  the  constitutional  changes  were  none 
of  them  drastic,  and  after  the  objectionable  article  calling  for  a 
two  dollar  Grand  Chapter  tax  had  been  amended  to  the  saving 
of  one  dollar,  the  business  of  reform  was  virtually  over. 

It  was  in  the  evening,  however,  that  the  Albany  men  really 
scored.    The  two  factions  had  threshed  over  the  constitution  with- 


72  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

out  coming  to  blows,  and  were  becoming  rather  more  cool  and 
conciliatory  as  the  work  progressed.  Now  the  Alden  March  dele- 
gation brought  forth  its  new  ritual,  much  the  same  one  we  have 
to-day,  and  every  one  saw  at  once  that  it  was  an  excellent  piece  of 
work.     It  was  accepted  by  the  convention. 

This  ritual  was  the  creation  of  three  men:  William  H.  Happel, 
George  A.  Williams,  Sherwood  Le  Fevre.  For  the  most  part  they 
divided  the  labor  and  worked  independently.  Williams'  con- 
tribution was  the  installation  ritual.  Happel's  was  all  of  act  two 
of  the  initiation  and  the  first  part  of  act  three.  He  said  that  he 
got  the  idea  for  them  from  the  feudal  courts  of  ancient  Germany. 
Le  Fevre's  share  was  the  opening  and  closing  ceremony  for  meetings, 
act  one  of  the  initiation,  and  the  final  obligation.  Happel  and  Le 
Fevre  were  Masons  and  Williams  an  Odd  Fellow.  There  was  also 
some  overhauling  of  secret  signs  and  the  like.  In  Le  Fevre's  words, 
"All  three  collaborated  in  the  esoteric  work,  using  the  original 
alphabet,  cipher  calendar,  grip,  pass-word,  secret  names  of  the 
Fraternity  and  officers,  the  symbolic  form  of  the  chapter,  the  ring 
and  scarf  pin,  and  formulating  the  remainder  for  the  new^  ritual". 
In  this  connection  it  should  be  said  that  Le  Fevre  used  most  of 
what  there  had  been  to  the  old  ritual  as  a  basis  for  his  elaboration. 
Thus  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  ritualism,  much  as  we  know  it,  came 
into  being. 

Of  course  the  up-state  men  did  as  they  pleased  in  the  elections. 
The  previous  convention  had  authorized  the  Executive  Committee 
to  incorporate  the  Grand  Chapter.  Prior  to  this  Albany  meeting 
the  necessary  papers  were  complete  save  for  the  signature  of  Delaney 
of  Cornell,  and  Cutter  had  sent  them  to  Delaney  with  directions 
to  sign  and  hurry  them  through.  A  legal  technicality  demanded 
that  the  incorporating  officers  must  serve  at  least  one  full  year. 
Were  Delaney  to  sign,  the  present  board  must  perforce  have  been 
re-elected.  Cutter  knew  that.  Delaney  also  knew  it.  And  Delaney 
did  not  sign. 

The  convention  therefore  proceeded  to  election.  The  new 
board  of  officers  were  as  follows:  president,  Happel,  Alden  March; 
vice-president,  Delaney,  Gamma;  secretary-treasurer-historian. 
Cutter;  marshal.  Bayard,  Alden  March;  auditor,  Parker.  Pi; 
inductor,  Le  Fevre,  Alden  March.  Then  the  convention  adjourned 
to  what  Cutter  called  "one  gorgeous  banquet  with  a  pippin  of  a 
punch  and  Loughran  a  splendid  toastmaster". 


Laws  and  Rituals 


73 


DR.    WILLIAM    H.    HAPPEL 


74  Phi  Sigxma  Kappa 

After  it  was  all  over  Barrett,  Parker  and  Cutter  took  account 
of  stock,  and  decided  that  they  had  gotten  out  of  the  troublesome 
thing  pretty  well.  They  were  particularly  pleased  about  the  seal, 
which  Cutter  had  negotiated  a  year  or  so  before  and  to  which  the 
Albany  fellows  had  taken  exception.  The  phrase  "Founded  at  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College"  was  particularly  objectionable. 
Bayard  had  arisen  in  convention  to  make  a  motion  looking  toward 
revision  when  Barrett  had  drawled  across  the  room  in  his  inimitable 
way,  "We've  got  along  all  right  so  far  with  this  seal;  don't  you 
think  we  can  live  with  it  for  a  while  longer"?  And  the  seal  still 
stands.  It  had  actually  never  occurred  to  the  Albany  men  at  all, 
but  Cutter  had  been  fearfully  expecting  the  revision  of  the  alphabet 
and  the  symbolic  work  of  the  Founders,  which  to  every  Pi  man 
was  not  only  secret  but  sacred.  Apparently  nothing  was  said  or 
done  about  the  "abortive"  coat  of  arms.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
with  the  power  once  in  their  hands,  the  up-state  men  were  neither 
unreasonable  nor  destructive,  and  the  Fraternity  gained  infinitely 
more  than  it  lost,  if  indeed  it  lost  anything,  at  the  Albany  con- 
vention. 

It  is  fitting  that  the  account  of  this  occasion  be  concluded 
with  the  report,  so  characteristic  pf  the  man,  which  Barrett  turned 
in  for  the  New  York  Club: 

"To  the  Grand  Chapter  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
the  New  York  Club  sends  fraternal  greeting.  We  beg 
to  report  that  the  club  has  at  present  eighteen  members 
in  good  standing.  We  owe  no  man  anything,  and  are 
at  peace  with  the  world.  Regular  meetings  are  held 
every  two  months,  and  matters  of  great  pith  and  moment 
are  there  discussed  in  the  masterful  way  to  be  expected 
from,  members  of  our  great  Fraternity.  These  matters 
have  so  far  included  a  bountiful  supply  of  baked  beans, 
and  the  kindred  spirit  that  makes  us  wondrous  kind  has 
been  much  enhanced  by  meeting  on  a  common  le\'el  in 
the  presence  of  this  succulent  and  democratic  dish.  For 
place  of  meeting,  many  original  ideas,  and  much  work 
the  Club  is  indebted  to  Dr.  J.  A.  Cutter,  who,  in  season 
and  out  of  season,  with  no  sign  of  fatigue,  labors  for  the 
advancement  of  our  Club  and  Fraternity". 

The  year  1891  was  further  eventful  in  the  induction  of  Delta 


Laws  and  Rituals 


75 


THE    WEST   VIRGINIA   HOUSE 
(Purchased  1919) 

chapter  at   the   University  of  West  Virginia.     James  H.   Riddle, 
A  '11,  has  written: 

"Delta  chapter  owes  its  founding  to  friction  which 
existed  between  two  factions  in  the  Columbian  Literary 
Society.  The  leaders  of  one  party  withdrew  from  the 
society  and  applied  for  a  charter  in  Phi  Kappa  Psi.  The 
leaders  of  the  other  faction  remained  in  the  literary 
society  but  formed  the  nucleus  of  Delta  Chapter  of  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa". 

The  connecting  link  in  this  instance  was  Wilbur  Shirley  Mayers, 
r  '92,  who  was  then  located  in  Morgantown.  The  West  Virginia 
men  boarded  at  the  home  of  a  Mrs.  Hitchens,  and  one  of  the  group 
being  Clarence  Edwin  Mayers,  Wilbur's  brother,  it  was  quite 
natural  that  the  leaven  should  have  its  chance.  The  new  Executive 
Committee  of  our  Fraternity  granted  the  charter  one  week  after 
its  election,  and  eleven  days  later  Wilbur  Mayers  inducted  ten 
men  into  Delta  Chapter  and  our  Order. 

Clarence  Mayers  has  told  the  story  of  their  first  banquet: 

"We  put  up  twenty-five  dollars  apiece  for  that  first 
banquet.      It  was  at  a  crucial   time.     The  only  existing 


76  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

fraternity  since  the  founding  of  the  West  Virginia  Uni- 
versity was  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi;  so  our  banquet  was  the 
first  rival  fraternity  banquet.  It  had  to  be  a  good  one. 
So  we  went  down  the  river  to  Pittsburgh  and  chartered 
a  boat.  It  was  the  Delta.  It  brought  up  to  Morgantown 
the  best  caterer  in  Pittsburgh  with  ten  assistants  and 
enough  food  and  Hquid  refreshments  to  heap  high  the 
festal  board.  When  the  Delta  whistled  as  she  rounded 
the  bend  in  the  Monongahela  River  the  Phi  Kaps  were 
making  fun  of  us.  But  we  showed  them  a  thing  or  two 
in  that  spread.  That  first  banquet  established  the 
Fraternity". 

This  banquet,  in  fact,  was  so  great  a  financial  drain  on  the 
new  chapter  that  it  was  unable  to  send  a  delegate  to  the  fifth 
general  convention  held  in  the  Gamma  chapter  house  in  Ithaca, 
December  1,  1892.  Happel  had  been  a  good  president.  What- 
ever he  may  have  thought  about  the  desirability  of  a  strong  national 
control  at  the  time  of  his  elevation  to  ofiice,  he  seems  to  have  been 
converted  to  the  idea  by  this  time.  The  report  of  his  Executive 
Committee  at  this  convention  contains  the  following: 

"Possibly  the  greatest  defect  in  the  workings  of  the 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  is  the  lack  of  centralization.  Orders 
sent  out  from  headquarters  are  not  obeyed  at  all  or  only 
sluggishly  so.  There  is  a  feeling  among  chapter  members 
that  the  Grand  Chapter  is  nothing  more  than  a  loosely 
jointed  structure  whose  supervision  is  only  ex-officio  and 
nominal". 

The  constitution  was  introduced  for  further  amendment.  Of 
course!  The  marshal  was  made  treasurer,  and  his  duties  as  marshal 
transferred  to  the  auditor.  An  annual  convention  was  pro\-ided 
for,  place  and  date  to  be  determined  by  the  Fraternity  either 
through  convention  or  through  clubs  and  chapters.  Barrett  being 
absent,  provision  was  made  for  expulsion.  In  a  fine  spirit  of 
nationalism  Happel  voluntarily  withdrew  from  the  presidency'  in 
favor  of  Barrett,  who  was  accordingly  elected.  Other  officers 
were:  vice-president,  Armstrong,  B  '85;  secretary,  Cutter;  treasurer, 
Greenawalt,  F  '87;  auditor,  Camden,  A  '92;  inductor,  Le  Fevre, 
B  '91.  Le  Fevre,  however,  having  for  the  past  term  taken  his 
office  with  commendable  seriousness,   making  a  genuine  effort  to 


Laws  and  Rituals  77 

interest  alumni  in  the  establishment  of  new  chapters,  felt  the 
burden  too  great,  and  Huse,  A  '89,  was  elected  to  take  his  place. 
It  was  this  conclave  that  originated  the  snake  dance  which  was 
to  be  a  feature  of  so  many  later  banquets. 

Wilson  Lee  Camden,  auditor,  was  attending  the  Law  School 
at  Yale,  and  in  the  spring  of  1893,  he  initiated  a  movement  looking 
towards  the  introduction  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  there.  On  May  18 
a  petition  was  signed  by  Camden  and  five  other  Law  School  men. 
It  was  granted  with  usual  promptness,  and  on  June  3  Huse,  in- 
ductor, together  with  Cutter  and  Barrett,  went  to  New  Haven 
and  inducted  the  chapter.  This  was  to  be  Epsilon.  The  action 
was  unquestionably  hasty  on  the  part  of  every  one  concerned, 
and  the  chapter  all  but  died  at  birth.  In  fact  of  the  five  men  who 
signed  the  petition  with  Camden,  all  but  one  have  since,  in  one 
way  or  another,  been  dropped  from  the  chapter  roll.  The  story 
of  Epsilon's  struggle  to  eminence  is  told  later  in  this  history. 

In  June  of  this  year  a  convention  was  held  at  Amherst  in 
observance  of  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  the  foundation.  There 
were  public  exercises,  and  a  banquet  at  Northampton  with  a  special 
train  to  take  the  sixty  odd  guests  over  from  Amherst  and  back. 
Barrett  was  chairman  of  the  committee  and  master  of  ceremonies. 
As  a  convention,  however,  it  was  not  important.  Le  Fevre  was 
the  only  delegate  from  another  chapter.  The  officers  were  re- 
elected as  a  slate  in  order  to  validate  the  process  of  incorporation 
of  the  Grand  Chapter.  The  one  legislation  of  historic  significance 
was  the  appointment  of  Brooks  as  a  commission  of  one  to  confer 
with  the  Executive  Committee  and  submit  another  draft  of  the 
constitution  to  the  next  convention,  which  was  voted  to  be  held 
in  New  Haven. 

On  June  22,  189-1  the  New  Haven  convention  convened.  Brooks 
had  prepared  his  report  upon  the  constitution,  and  it  was  unani- 
mously accepted.  It  contained  for  the  first  time  the  preamble, 
which  had  been  written  by  Cutter  and  with  w^hich  every  one  is 
now  familiar.  It  also  contained  the  statement  of  incorporation 
just  completed,  the  specification  of  the  Grand  Chapter  officers  as 
"the  Council",  and  the  provision  that  their  headquarters  should 
be  in  New  York,  these  changes  also  being  largely  at  Cutter's 
suggestion.  The  acceptance  of  Brooks'  report  practically  settled 
the  matter  of  constitution  until  the  question  of  a  court 
arose  several  years  later,  and  it  marked  the  close  of  this  period 
of  parliamentary  bickering  and  constitutional  revision.     The  New 


78 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


WILLIAM    PENN    BROOKS 


Laws  and  Rituals  79 

Haven  convention  thus  becomes  one  of  the  milestones  in  our 
history. 

In  a  sense,  too,  this  convention  marked  the  complete  crystal- 
ization  of  the  ritual.  The  ritual  for  opening  and  closing  meetings 
had  been  tried  out  in  the  chapters  and  was  presented  to  the  con- 
vention with  some  emendation.  It  was  now  so  generally  satis- 
factory that  it  was  referred  to  the  new  Council  to  edit  and  intro- 
duce. The  order  of  business,  originally  evolved  by  Cutter,  Howe 
and  Barrett  in  1887,  was  likewise  so  referred.  The  Beta  initiation 
ritual,  according  to  Le  Fevre  "somewhat  emasculated  as  being 
too  blood-thirsty",  was  re-submitted  by  Hartley  of  Gamma,  and 
declared  official.  The  convention  further  delegated  the  Council 
to  draw  up  and  make  effective  an  installation  ritual.  Williams' 
draft,  submitted  with  a  few  changes  by  Le  Fevre,  was  accepted 
by  the  Council  and  put  into  operation  prior  to  the  eighth  con- 
vention. Thus  another  chapter  on  superstructure  was  brought  to 
a  close  at  New  Haven. 

Altogether  it  was  a  highly  harmonious  and  optimistic  gather- 
ing. After  some  of  the  stormy  sessions  which  had  preceded  it, 
it  must  have  seemed  like  a  return  to  port.  The  news  from  Alpha, 
too,  was  gratifying.  The  chapter  reported  a  membership  of  thirty- 
two,  eight  from  each  of  the  four  classes,  and  the  purchase  of  a  piece 
of  land,  without  mortgage,  for  a  building  site.  All  of  the  other 
chapters,  with  the  exception  of  Epsilon,  also  reported  prosperity, 
and  the  Yale  chapter  seemed  to  be  getting  onto  its  feet  after  a 
fashion.  The  attendance  was  particularly  representative,  all  of  the 
chapters  being  present  in  delegate.  It  was  a  very  pleasant  occasion. 
The  convention  desired  to  make  Cutter  president  of  the  Grand 
Chapter,  but  he  declined  the  office  for  the  sake  of  continuing  the 
work  of  a  more  arduous  if  less  distinguished  place  on  the  Council. 
Armstrong,  B  '85,  a  graduate  member  whom  Cutter  had  interested 
in  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  and  who  for  a  number  of  years  was  to  be  one 
of  its  dependable  leaders,  was  therefore  elected  to  that  office,  the 
other  members  of  his  Council  being,  Barrett,  Cutter,  Greenawalt, 
Camden  and  Huse. 

Thereupon  this  memorable  convention  adjourned,  and  the 
period  of  constitutional  superstruction  may  be  said  to  be  over. 
As  in  the  instance  of  the  United  States  in  1788,  it  was  evident 
that  the  Fraternity  was  emerging  from  trying  times  a  union  and 
not  merely  a  confederation. 


CHAPTER  SIX 

Expansion  (1894-1904) 

These  annals  now  enter  upon  a  very  critical  period  in  the 
history  of  our  national  organization.  It  was  the  period  which 
should  either  make  or  break  the  Fraternity.  The  harmony  of  the 
New  Haven  convention  was  after  all,  to  a  considerable  degree,  the 
harmony  of  compromise  and  exhaustion;  it  was  not  the  harmony 
of  strength.  The  up-state  chapters  had  indeed  postponed  their 
contemplated  secession,  but  that  it  was  anything  more  than  post- 
ponement no  one  could  safely  prophesy.  Away  off  in  the  mountains 
of  West  Virginia  was  a  chapter  which  had  never  been  visited  by  a 
national  officer,  and  from  which  no  undergraduate  delegate  had 
ever  attended  a  convention.  Epsilon  at  Yale  was  little  more  than 
nominal.  Constitutional  union  had  been  effected,  but  spiritual 
union  was  still  to  be  realized.  If  wrangling  over  by-laws  and  creeds 
had  ceased,  it  was  partly  because  of  the  more  pressing  and  alarming 
problems  which  were  presenting  themselves.  The  essential  Unity 
of  the  national  order  having  been  agreed  to  in  theory,  it  now  remained 
for  the  executive  forces  to  put  it  into  effect.  It  was  much  the 
same  knotty  and  vexatious  problem  which  haunted  the  White 
House  during  the  troublous  years  which  culminated  in  the  Civil 
War.  The  Council  of  the  Grand  Chapter  must  either  establish 
itself,  on  the  constitution,  as  the  respresentative  and  recognized 
government  of  the  Fraternity,  or  behold  the  gradual  disintegration 
of  the  brotherhood  and  a  more  or  less  general  reversion  to  local- 
ism. The  situation  called  for  leadership  of  the  most  courageous 
and  constructive  kind. 

The  story  of  this  period  is  largely  the  story  of  John  Ashburlon 
Cutter.  His  was  the  dominating  personality  about  which  every- 
thing centered.  To  him,  largely,  the  credit  of  successful  national- 
ization is  due.  Of  course  with  him  in  authorit\'  were  other  sub- 
stantial men — Greenawalt,  Loughran,  Barrett,  A'ogel  and  others — 
and  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Cutter  was  himself  president  of 
the  Fraternity  but  once,  from  1900  to  1902,  the  other  executives 
of  this  period  being  Armstrong,  Vogel,  Loughran  and  Worm.     But 

SO 


Expansion 


81 


DR.    JOHN    ASHBURTON   CUTTER 


82  Pill  Sigma  Kappa 

Cutter,  twice  as  secretary,  once  as  president,  once  as  inductor,  and 
once  as  recorder  of  the  Supreme  Court,  was  always  in  an  official 
capacity  to  legislate,  and  as  the  recital  of  the  events  of  this  period 
will  indicate,  he  did  most  of  the  work,  determined  most  of  the 
policies,  and  suffered  most  of  the  opprobrium  of  energetic  leader- 
ship. That  the  man  was  finally  overthrown  by  the  antagonisms 
which  he  had  created,  probably  inevitably,  during  this  trying 
time  must  not  be  allowed  to  detract  from  our  appreciation  of  his 
work. 

Cutter  was  not  idealistic  in  the  sense  that  the  Founders  had 
been.  He  does  not  seem  to  have  thought  of  the  establishment  of 
the  Order  anywhere  as  a  protest  against  a  crass  fraternalism  there 
in  vogue.  He  felt  himself  to  be  a  man  with  a  practical  problem,  and 
he  was  still  enough  of  a  dreamer  to  desire  greatly,  and  to  be  willing 
to  serve  greatly,  that  it  might  be  solved.  In  that  sense,  indeed, 
he  was  the  greatest  idealist  in  the  Fraternity  at  that  time;  the  so- 
called  man  of  affairs  would  hardly  have  cared  to  be  apparently 
consecrated  to  so  academic  and  undergraduate  a  thing  as  a  college 
fraternity.  But  Cutter's  contribution  was  not  idealistic;  it  was 
administrative  throughout.  His  great  service  lay  in  his  indefati- 
gable application  as  an  executive,  not  in  any  gift  of  inspiration. 
It  may  be  folly  to  say  that  the  Fraternity  would  have  crumbled 
during  this  crisis  if  it  had  not  been  for  Cutter.  Some  other  leader 
would,  quite  probably,  have  been  raised  up  for  us.  However  it 
is  a  simple  matter  of  history  that  Cutter  was  actually  the  man  to 
carry  the  burden  and  do  the  job.  And  if  any  reader  in  these  more 
soft  and  sophisticated  days  is  tempted  to  pick  flaws,  let  him  pause 
and  try  to  think  of  a  man  of  his  own  generation  who  would  have 
given  himself  over  to  this  work  and  could  have  done  it  better. 

Now  let  us  turn  to  his  work.  It  was  really  two-fold.  In 
order  truly  to  nationalize  the  Fraternity,  the  leaders  must  foster 
the  respect  which  comes  with  numbers,  and  they  must  assert  an 
authoritative  government  within  the  organization.  Thus  the  task 
was  both  expansion  and  consolidation.  The  Council  was  realh" 
striving  for  the  prestige  which  was  essential  not  only  for  its  own 
existence  but  for  the  welfare  of  the  whole  Order,  and  it  did  so. 
first,  by  reaching  out  into  a  larger  field,  and  second,  In"  tightening 
its  hold  on  the  reins  within.  The  account  of  the  struggle  in  respect 
to  the  second  of  these  policies  must  be  reserved  for  a  separate 
chapter. 

The  slogan  then  was  expansion.     From  the  more  conser\"ati\"e 


Expansion         -  83 

standpoint  of  later  years,  it  may  seem  that  chapters  were  granted 
in  a  highly  promiscuous  and  precipitate  way.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  this  was  before  the  idea  of  college  fraternalism  had  become 
generally  accepted  even  upon  the  campus  and  before  the  day  of 
interfraternity  cooperation.  Rapid  growth  is  much  simpler  for  a 
young  fraternity  now.  Moreover  the  Council  had  no  money.  Six 
reputable  men  in  a  reputable  institution  could  apparently  get  a 
charter  for  the  asking.  The  inductor  was  the  official  foreign 
missionary  whose  duty  was  conceived  to  be  the  discovery  or  the 
creation  of  a  demand  for  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  charters.  Happel, 
as  president,  had  suggested  to  Cutter  that  the  chapters  might 
be  authorized  to  initiate  men  from  other  colleges,  which  men 
should  be  in  turn  authorized  to  establish  chapters  in  their  respective 
institutions.  It  was  generally  understood  that  any  one  with  a 
prospect  in  sight  might  be  delegated  a  deputy  inductor  with 
power  to  act.     Obviously  these  were  primitive  practices. 

The  missionary  spirit  was,  however,  very  much  alive.  It  is  of 
curious  and  speculative  interest  to  us  to-day  to  note  some  of  the 
colleges  toward  which  our  fathers  looked  with  colonization  in  their 
eyes.  At  the  request  of  Inductor  Huse  in  1894  Alpha  sent  two 
delegations  to  Wesleyan  University  "to  try  to  establish  a  chapter 
in  that  place  provided  no  new  fraternity  has  gained  a  strong  foot- 
hold there".  Price,  when  inductor,  received  specific  sanction  to 
an  ambitious  and  fortunately  abortive  attempt  to  place  a  chapter 
.  in  the  University  of  Iowa.  Jackson  Arnold  went  out  from  Delta 
to  a  neighboring  institution  fully  empowered  to  establish  a  chapter 
there.  He  found  ten  men  waiting,  but  five  of  them  did  not  measure 
up  to  his  idea  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  calibre,  and  to  his  eternal  credit 
he  declined  to  proceed  with  the  induction.  He  subsequently  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  Council  for  his  forbearance.  Robert  C. 
Fletcher  of  Gamma  was  counted  on  for  chapters  in  Chicago  and 
Northwestern,  but  neither  materialized.  Other  Gamma  men  were 
at  work  in  Johns  Hopkins  and,  as  naively  reported  in  an  early 
Signet,  had  "secured  one  member".  Le  Fevre  was  supposed  to  be 
campaigning  at  Leland  Stanford.  And  so  on!  Other  institutions 
where  the  Council  more  or  less  definitely  laid  lines  were:  Western 
Reserve,  Harvard,  Minnesota,  North  Carolina,  Washington  and 
Lee,  Tulane,  Colorado,  Delaware,  Denver,  Nebraska  and  Kentucky. 
At  least  the  aspirations  of  these  men  were  Elizabethan. 

These  are  all  colleges   which   we   did    not  then  enter.     Now 
let  us  turn  to  those  which  we  did. 


84  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Sometime  during  1893  Cutter  wrote  a  letter  to  William  Taylor 
Elgas  of  New  York,  son  of  Matthew  J.  Elgas,  associate  superin- 
tendent of  the  metropolitan  public  schools,  relative  to  establishing 
a  chapter  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  where  the  boy  was  to  matriculate  in  the  fall.  Elgas  replied 
to  the  effect  that  he  would  consider  the  matter  when  he  should  have 
become  an  upperclassman  in  the  institution.  True  to  his  word, 
on  November  26,  1896,  he  wrote  to  Cutter  again,  saying  that  his 
brother  was  president  of  the  sophomore  class,  that  he  knew  "two 
or  three  fine  fellows  who  do  not  admire  the  sporting  qualities  ex- 
hibited by  many  of  the  fraternity  men  of  C.  C.  N.  Y.",  and  that 
he  was  now  ready  to  undertake  the  project. 

A  petition  was  signed  December  10,  Cutter  and  Loughran, 
secretary  and  inductor  respectively,  interviewing  the  petitioners  in 
the  Elgas  home.  On  December  12  a  notification  of  acceptance  was 
mailed  by  the  secretary,  and  the  induction  took  place  on  the  19th. 
Cutter  would  tell  in  later  years  how  he  and  Loughran  kept  the 
petitioners  in  suspense,  but  it  being  only  twenty-three  days  from 
the  date  of  Elgas'  letter  to  the  date  of  the  induction,  the  suspense, 
in  modern  terms,  could  not  have  been  very  great.  The  induction 
took  place  in  the  Grand  Union  Hotel.  There  were  nine  neophytes 
including  three  graduate  members,  the  Elgas  brothers,  Albert 
Glover  Rich  and  Phanor  James  Eder,  both  of  the  latter  appearing 
later  in  these  annals.  The  induction  team  consisted  of  Vogel, 
Loughran,  Cutter  and  Greenawalt  of  the  Council  assisted  by 
John  W.  Kniskern  of  Beta,  and  Barrett.  Cutter  records  that  there 
■was  a  good  deal  of  rather  rough  horse  play,  but  that  when  Vogel 
subjected  the  candidates  to  some  pedagogical  inspection,  the  in- 
ductors were  amazed  at  the  intellectual  capacity  of  the  young  men. 

Two  years  later  Matthew  Elgas  reported  as  follows  in  regard 
to  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York: 

"We  entered  an  institution  that  has  at  the  A-ery  most 
but  150  men  from  whom  fraternities  can  draw.  I  do  not 
mean  that  the  roll  of  students  at  our  college  is  never  more 
than  150 — far  from  it".  We  have  in  the  college  proper 
between  600  and  700,  and  in  addition  to  this,  the-e  is 
the  introductory  class,  which  numbers  generally  between 
500  and  600.  Of  course  no  one  is  initiated  from  the  sub- 
freshman  class,  and  out  of  those  in  the  college  proper 
about  85%  are  undesirable  either  through  religion,  refine- 


Expansion  85 

ment  or  finances.     There  were  five  other  fraternities  re- 
presented at  the  college  at  that  time." 
And  then  further,  in  regard  to  Zeta: 

"Rent  being  so  high. in  New  York  the  nine  charter 
members  found  it  next  to  impossible  to  secure  fit  quarters, 
and  through  the  kindness  of  one  of  the  brothers,  or  rather 
the  folks  of  that  brother,  our  early  meetings,  including 
two  initiations,  were  held  in  the  large  front  basement 
room  of  his  house.  In  April  1897  we  rented  a  small  fur- 
nished front  room  at  57  West  24th  Street  in  the  heart  of 
the  juicy  tenderloin.  There  we  stayed  over  the  summer. 
In  the  fall  we  moved  to  a  somewhat  larger  room  at  1145 
Broadway.  About  this  time  Brother  William  Taylor  Elgas 
conceived  the  idea  of  starting  a  chapter  at  Columbia 
University.  For  three  months  the  members  of  Zeta,  ably 
assisted  by  the  Council,  worked  hard  to  accomplish  this 
end,  with  the  result  that  on  December  16,  1897,  almost 
the  anniversary  date  of  Zeta's  induction,  a  rousing  chapter 
was  placed  in  that  institution.  Three  weeks  later  Zeta 
and  Theta  entered  into  partnership  and  rented  an  apart- 
ment at  498  Manhattan  Avenue.  There  we  stayed  for 
the  rest  of  the  year,  putting  in  some  fine  work  for  the 
Fraternity". 

Historical  accuracy  demands  some  little  modification  of  this 
account.  It  seems  that  the  Zeta  brothers  had  proved  zealous  to 
the  point  of  discord,  and  the  Council  put  up  the  Columbia  project 
to  Elgas  with  the  idea  of  directing  this  surplus  energy  into  some 
profitable  channel.  That  the  extension  into  Columbia  was  not 
quite  so  idyllic  as  the  Elgas  account  might  suggest  is  further  in- 
dicated by  a  letter  written  by  Loughran,  December  6,  in  which  he 
said  that  the  Columbia  men  were  "a  fine  lot  of  fellows,"  but  "do 
not  want  to  go  in  with  the  C.  C.  N.  Y."  Loughran  went  on  to  say 
"They  are  altogether  a  different  lot  of  boys  than  the  C.  C.  N.  Y. 
and  I  know  they  would  not  get  on  well  in  the  same  rooms". 

The  induction  took  place  December  16.  There  were  thirteen 
initiates,  seven  of  whom,  however,  were  afifiliate  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
from  other  chapters.  Among  these  latter  were  Root  of  Alpha, 
and  Stephen  Pierce  Duggan,  later  to  become  one  of  New  York's 
most  distinguished  educators.  Among  the  other  six  was  John 
William  Goff,  Jr.,  who  was  later  to  be  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter 


86 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


SAMUEL   C.    THOMPSON 


and  for  three  terms  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  induction 
took  place  in  a  restaurant  in  Harlem,  and  was  conducted  by  Vogel, 
Loughran,  Cutter  and  Greenawalt  assisted  by  a  team  largely  from 
Zeta. 

It  is  only  fair  to  Loughran  and  history  to  remark  that  the 
joint  chapters  did  not  make  a  very  good  get-away  as  a  team. 
Cutter's  report  to  the  1902  convention  tells  the  story: 

"Zeta  and  Theta  were  in  bad  shape  when  the  con- 
vention adjourned  in  1900.  Brother  Thompson  (A  '72; 
a  graduate  member,  then  treasurer  of  the  Grand  Chapter 
and  destined  for  long  and  honorable  service  on  the  Court) 
was  appointed  special  supervisor  for  the  two  chapters. 
With  him  he  associated  the  president  of  the  Grand 
Chapter  (Cutter).  A  lawyer  was  employed  to  collect 
dues;  some  men  were  expelled.  To-day  the  two  chapters 
occupy  a  house  whose  rental  is  $1700  a  year.  With  them 
is  associated  the  New  York  Club,  and  for  all  the  time, 
thought  and  care  bestowed  we  feel  amply  repaid  by  the 
result.  Two  fine  chapters  have  been  built  up  which  are 
a  credit  to  the  Fraternity". 


Expansion  87 

Meanwhile  Eta  had  also  been  inducted  into  the  Fraternity. 
Tom  Swann  Tompkins,  erstwhile  of  Delta,  was  the  proselyting 
agent.  We  have  seen  how  Alpha,  Beta,  Gamma,  Delta  and  Zeta, 
each  in  turn,  had  added  a  chapter  to  the  list.  Eta  was  really 
Epsilon's  contribution.  But  Epsilon  was  in  no  condition  for 
missionary  work,  and  so,  let  us  say,  Delta  in  the  spirit  of  the 
Brotherhood  stepped  forward  to  bear  her  burden  for  her.  Tompkins 
was  the  only  affiliate  charter  member  of  Eta.  Ten  other  men  con- 
stituted the  pioneer  roll,  most  significant  of  whom,  as  far  as  our 
history  is  concerned,  was  James  Spicer  Murray.  Cutter  went  to 
Baltimore  and  on  January  8,  1897  inducted  the  candidates,  one  by 
one,  in  the  Eutaw  House,  after  which  there  was  the  usual  banquet. 
On  his  way  back  to  New  York  he  stopped  at  Morgantown,  thus 
affording  Delta  her  first  visitation  from  the  Council. 

Murray  later  gave  this  report  of  the  Eta  induction: 

"We  were  inducted  at  the  Eutaw  House  by  Brother 
John  A.  Cutter,  whose  secret  movements,  mysterious 
gestures,  and  important  consultation  with  Affiliate- 
Brother  Tompkins  created  the  most  intense  anxiety  and 
wonderment.  It  was  noticed  that,  like  the  fable  of  the 
wolf  and  the  fox,  the  initiated  candidates  never  came 
back  to  tell  us  what  the  tests  were  and  how  they  fared, 
and  really  we  grew  solicitous  about  their  being  alive  at 
all.  The  last  man  began  to  think  that  Dr.  Cutter  was 
holding  a  vivisection  clinic,  judging  from  the  strange 
noises  and  muffled  sourds  that  came  from  Room  108  C." 

At  the  1898  convention  Cutter  resigned  from  the  office  of 
secretary-historian,  a  position  which  he  had  filled  continuously  for 
thirteen  years,  in  order  to  become  inductor  in  name  as  well  as  in 
fact.  Loughran  became  president  and  Vogel  secretary.  The 
following  year  marked  the  induction  of  three  more  chapters. 

The  first  was  Iota  at  Stevens.  William  R.  Haughey,  Z  '00, 
was  instrumental  in  bringing  this  group  into  the  fold.  The  in- 
duction took  place  upon  Founders'  Day,  1899,  in  the  presence  of 
all  six  members  of  the  Council  and  men  of  the  New  York  City 
chapters.  Following  the  induction  there  was  an  informal  supper 
with  covers  for  sixty.  There  were  nine  initiates,  one  of  them  being 
Charles  Lucas  Wachter,  who  later  served  two  terms  as  auditor  of 
the  Grand  Chapter,  and  another  Carl  F.  Dietz,  who  shared  with 
Wachter  the  early  leadership  of  the  chapter. 


88  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

The  second  was  Kappa  at  Penn  State.  The  outstanding  sig- 
nificance of  this  induction  lay  in  the  fact  that  for  the  first  time 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  petitioned  by  an  organization  already  well 
established  as  a  local  fraternity.  In  the  year  1893-94  there  was  at 
Penn  State  a  group  of  students  rather  loosely  organized  under  the 
name  Bon  Ami.  This  group  was  not  wholly  congenial  and  there- 
fore disbanded,  whereupon  Clinton  B.  Alexander,  got  together 
nine  of  the  more  intimate  men,  and  the  result  of  this  conclave  was 
the  establishment  of  a  local  fraternity.  Phi  Delta  Epsilon.  The 
following  brief  description  by  Alexander  is  of  interest ; 

"We  soon  found  that  the  personnel  of  our  organ- 
ization, though  a  local,  would  draw  well  in  competition 
with  the  older  established  general  fraternities.  We  were 
thus  able  to  select  a  high  class  of  men  from  the  beginning. 
We  aimed  to  hold  a  high  place  in  scholarship,  and  a  lagging 
member  was  both  flayed  and  helped  until  his  lagging  foot- 
steps crossed  the  safety  line.  In  fact  we  were  rather  Puri- 
tanical, permitting  only  certain  games  at  cards,  fastidious 
as  to  a  man's  smoking  and  other  habits,  and  the  brother 
reported  to  the  Deportment  Committee  was  in  for  a  bad 
half-hour." 

Phi  Delta  Epsilon  had  rented  a  house  soon  after  organization, 
and  was  a  happy  and  prosperous  local  in  1899,  when  its  petition 
was  granted  for  a  charter  in  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  Haughey  again 
seems  to  have  helped  to  lay  the  lines.  Cutter  records  much  corre- 
spondence on  the  matter,  but  the  charter  was  voted  prior  to  any 
visitation  by  the  Council.  Loughran,  president,  had  demurred  at 
this  action,  and  it  was  left  with  Cutter  whether  or  not  to  induct 
after  he  should  have  looked  the  crowd  over.  Therefore  on  June  7 
Cutter  appeared  at  State  College  and  single-handed  initiated  fifteen 
men  as  charter  members  of  Kappa  chapter. 

The  third  new  chapter  for  the  year  was  Lambda  at  Columbian 
University,  later  George  Washington.  This  affiliation  was  largely 
due  to  the  missionary  work  of  three  Gamma  men  whose  homes 
were  in  the  capital  city:  Horace  M.  Bell,  Max  C.  Maxwell,  and 
J.  Strother  Miller.  A  petition  was  drawn  up  September  1,  and  on 
October  7  Cutter,  assisted  by  an  initiation  team  from  Eta,  officiated 
at  the  induction.  "We  initiated  these  men  in  a  hall,  and  I  let 
the  Eta  men  have  a  good  time.  The  habit  was,  when  we  had  a 
team,   to  put  one  man  through   the  whole  thing  and   then   swear 


Expansion  89 

in  the  crowd".  Seven  men  were  initiated.  In  1902,  three  years 
later,  Lambda  reported  to  the  convention  an  active  enrollment  of 
twenty-three,  and  a  house,  at  1825  Q  Street,  which  had  formerly 
been  the  home  of  the  Swiss  Legation. 

Cutter  added  one  more  star  to  his  chapter  crown  during  his 
term  as  inductor,  that  of  Mu  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
It  seems  that  during  the  autumn  of  1899  Vogel  went  back  to 
Ithaca  to  help  cheer  at  a  Cornell-Princeton  football  game.  While 
in  town  he  attended  a  meeting  of  Gamma,  and  in  the  course  of 
his  remarks  emphasized  the  desirability  of  placing  chapters  in  some 
of  the  larger  universities.  At  the  close  of  the  meeting  he  was 
accosted  by  a  young  man  by  the  name  of  Ralph  D.  Van  Valken- 
burgh,  who  said  that  he  had  a  brother  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania who  might  organize  a  chapter  there.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning. 

The  brother,  Raymond  H.,  took  up  the  idea  with  alacrity,  so 
much  so  in  fact  that  when  Miller  and  Ackerman  went  down  from 
Gamma  to  attend  the  Philadelphia  Thanksgiving  game,  he  was 
ready  to  introduce  to  them  a  group  of  possible  petitioners,  who 
apparently  made  a  very  good  impression.  Cutter  had  some  cor- 
respondence with  the  scribe  of  this  group,  Frederick  G.  Farquhar, 
later  to  see  service  on  both  Council  and  Court,  and  suggested  that 
they  send  delegates  to  New  York  to  meet  the  Council  personally. 
Accordingly  Harry  C.  Clifton  and  William  S.  Collier  came  to  New 
York,  where  they  were  entertained  at  the  Lawyers'  Club  by  the 
Grand  Officers  and  then  taken  over  to  the  Stevens  chapter  house 
by  delegates  from  the  metropolitan  chapters. 

The  petition  was  sent  February  13  and  on  the  10th  of  March 
Cutter,  assisted  by  Vogel  and  Duggan  of  the  Council  and  repre- 
sentatives from  several  of  the  chapters,  conducted  the  induction 
ceremony  at  the  Bourse  Hotel.  There  were  seven  initiates  besides 
Van  Valkenburgh,  Farquhar,  Clifton  and  Collier.  There  had  been 
some  talk  of  initiating  Barrett's  brother  as  a  graduate  member, 
but  the  plan  fell  through. 

In  his  report  to  the  convention  of  1900  Cutter  concluded  with 
the  following  paragraph : 

"We  have  now  twelve  chapters  with  a  few  of  them  in 
weakened  condition.  These  weakened  chapters  will  need 
considerable  management  by  the  Grand  Chapter  in  the 
next  year  or  two  to  make  them  thoroughly  strong.     It  will 


90  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

not  be  advisable,  therefore,  for  the  Council  to  put  out  too 
much  strength  on  extension.  Again,  the  time  has  come 
when  we  can  rest  on  our  present  strength  and  wait  for 
new  chapters  to  come  to  us.  We  shall  not  go  anywhere  un- 
less the  Fraternity  is  to  be  strengthened  by  the  new 
chapter.  In  the  East  it  will  pay  us  to  put  out  some  energy 
as  to  the  Lehigh  University,  and  further  South  as  to  the 
University  of  Virginia,  and  perhaps  in  Ohio  as  to  Western 
Reserve  University.  Under  our  present  condition  it  is 
doubtful  whether  it  is  wise  to  extend  far  West  or  South 
unless  the  conditions  are  preeminently  fitted  for  our  ex- 
tension". 

This  is  a  new  note  in  the  story  of  expansion.  Cutter  was 
elected  president  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  the  other  men  on 
the  Council  being  Murray,  Vogel,  Thompson,  Arnold  and  Barrett. 
There  was  to  be,  however,  no  immediate  retrenchment  in  the 
matter  of  new  chapters. 

Cutter  had  reported  the  desirability  of  locating  in  Lehigh. 
This  probably  refers  to  some  negotiations  which  never  fruited, 
for  Cutter  later  wrote,  "we  had  correspondence  with  one  bunch 
that  faded  away".  However  Carl  F.  Dietz  and  William  L.  Daw 
of  Iota  eventually  received  a  letter  from  Lehigh,  which  they  re- 
ferred to  Cutter.  Dietz  once  wrote  that  he  disclaimed  "any  re- 
sponsibility for  this  chapter",  and  that  the  credit  belonged  to 
Cutter  and  Barrett.  Daw,  however,  was  sent  over  to  see  the 
crowd,  and  Rich  had  already  undertaken  a  similar  errand.  On 
March  9,  1901  seven  petitioners  journeyed  over  to  New  York, 
there  to  be  inducted,  by  Cutter,  Barrett,  Vogel  and  Thompson 
of  the  Council  and  any  number  of  metropolitan  brothers,  as  Nu 
chapter  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  The  induction  of  Nu  was  probably 
a  bit  premature,  and  the  Fraternity  paid  the  piper  b}^  losing  two 
of  the  charter  members  through  expulsion,  but  the  new  chapter 
soon  pulled  itself  together  and  the  test  of  years  has  abundantly 
justified  the  grant. 

During  the  winter  of  1901-02  William  Raymond  Baird,  editor 
of  Baird' s  Manual  and  for  years  dean  of  American  college  frater- 
nities, wrote  to  Cutter,  saying,  "There  is  another  fraternity  needed 
at  St.  Lawrence  University.  It  is  a  small  college  but  has  tine 
fraternity  material.  I  think  you  could  secure  an  excellent  chapter 
there";  and  enclosing  a  letter  from  the  president  of  the  institution 


Expansion  91 

to  the  same  effect.  Cutter  referred  the  matter  to  Barrett,  who  was 
inductor  at  the  time,  Barrett  got  into  touch  with  J.  Frank  Morgan, 
an  undergraduate  at  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  March  20  received  'a 
communication  from  him,  saying:  "Your  letter  of  the  17th  inst. 
received  yesterday.  At  a  meeting  of  the  society  held  in  the  after- 
noon, it  was  decided  to  accept  the  invitation  to  become  one  of 
the  chapters  of  your  Fraternity". 

Again  Cutter  inducted  the  chapter  single-handed.  He  had  a 
beautiful  time  in  Canton,  however,  and  would  dwell  upon  it  tenderly 
in  later  years.  The  induction  took  place  April  12,  at  The  New 
Hodskin  Hotel.  There  were  nine  neophytes,  and  by  the  time  he 
had  arrived  at  the  ninth,  the  inductor  had  developed  a  very  elab- 
orate exemplification  of  the  ritual.  There  was  a  banquet  as  usual, 
Charles  Sheard  acting  as  toastmaster,  and  during  the  evening  the 
new  chapter  was  serenaded  by  all  of  the  other  St.  Lawrence  fra- 
ternities in  turn.  There  was  a  sorority,  too,  and  Cutter  made  the 
girls  an  impromptu  speech,  which  they  apparently  could  not  under- 
stand and  which  he  never  could  recall.  The  next  day  he  and  the 
boys  repaid  their  social  obligations  about  the  campus,  and  Cutter 
went  back  to  New  York  in  high  good  humor. 

Xi  was  a  very  active  young  chapter  from  the  day  of  its  induc- 
tion. In  fact  even  before  that  eventful  day  it  had  somewhat  em- 
barrassed Barrett  by  writing  to  ask  for  copies  of  the  Fraternity 
songs  and  yells,  which,  somehow,  during  the  twenty-nine  years  of 
our  history  had  plainly  been  overlooked.  Xi  had  also  taken  up 
at  that  early  date  the  fight  against  Theta  Nu  Epsilon,  and  its 
delegation  appeared  at  the  Washington  convention  of  that  same 
year,  bringing  a  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  call,  four  songs  by  Charles  Sheard, 
and  a  protest  against  November  as  a  convention  date. 

It  had  long  been  felt  that  we  should  have  a  chapter  in  Boston, 
and  for  several  years  scouts  had  been  desultorily  at  work.  In  fact 
in  1897  Loughran  went  to  Boston  to  meet  with  the  alumni  there 
with  the  idea  of  bringing  to  pass  a  chapter  in  Harvard  and  a  Boston 
Club.  The  latter  materialized  promptly,  and  was  formally  in- 
ducted by  Cutter,  September  25,  1897,  in  Young's  Hotel.  But  the 
Harvard  chapter  did  not  materialize.  It  was  left,  therefore,  for 
Phanor  J.  Eder  and  Frank  L.  Packard,  both  of  Zeta,  in  the  spring 
of  1902,  to  bring  to  pass  a  petition  from  a  group  of  young  men  in 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  Meetings  were  held 
at  the  home  of  Homer  O.  Page.  Eder  suggested  a  personal  meet- 
ing between  delegates  of  this  group  and  of  the  Council,  either  in 


92  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Boston  or  New  York,  but  no  such  meeting  occurred.  It  is  of  interest 
to  note  that  Eder  urged  that  the  induction  be  held  in  Boston  and 
la'rgely  for  the  purpose  of  rallying  "that  dormant  organization — 
the  Boston  Club". 

In  Boston,  therefore,  the  induction  was  held,  May  24,  1902. 
at  the  Hotel  Brunswick,  Cutter,  as  always,  presiding.  There  were 
thirteen  charter  members  of  Omicron,  but  three  were  affiliates. 
At  the  induction  were  Eder  and  Packard,  Oscar  Worm,  to  be  the 
next  Grand  President,  Brooks,  Founder,  and  a  team  from  Alpha. 
There  was  the  customary  banquet,  and  much  enthusiasm.  Barrett 
reported  the  induction  to  the  next  convention,  in  part,  as  follows: 
"My  information  is  that  the  affair  was  a  great  success,  but  Presi- 
dent Cutter  missed  the  delicate  attention  conferred  upon  him  at 
St.  Lawrence". 

In  that  same  report  Barrett  went  on  to  say  that  in  some 
instances  the  Council  had  discouraged  petitions;  he  mentioned  as 
an  example  one  from  the  University  of  Tennessee;  he  declared  that 
the  Council  members  were  not  agreed  in  regard  to  expansion 
policies;  and  concluded  with  this  paragraph: 

"It  is  the  opinion  of  the  Inductor  that  we  seek  to 
multiply  within  our  present  confines  or  at  least  very  ■ 
close  to  its  borders.  It  is  expensive  to  travel.  It  is 
child  murder  to  leave  a  new  chapter  hundreds  of  miles 
from  any  of  its  kind.  We  shall  need  years  of  seasoning 
before  we  shall  be  prepared  to  enter  upon  world  conquest. 
To  possess  the  land  is  an  alluring  dream,  but  it  has  been 
the  ruin  of  all  who  have  attempted  to  make  it  a  reality". 

A  committee  composed  of  Frederick,  F  '03,  Reger,  A  '0-i, 
and  Rich,  Z  '97,  was  then  appointed  to  confer  upon  this  matter, 
and  later  in  the  convention  it  reported  these  recommendations: 

"1st.  Go  slow  in  the  matter  of  establishing  new 
chapters  within  our  present  geographical  confmes. 

"2nd.  Establish  chapters  only  within  our  present 
geographical  confines." 

This  report  was  accepted  and  adopted  by  the  convention. 

The  Council  elected  by  this  convention  was  an  entirely  green 
one.  Not  one  of  the  six  members  had  ever  ser\'ed  on  a  Council 
before.  Worm  was  president,  and  Rich  inductor.  However 
Cutter,    Vogel   and    Barrett   were   all   members   of   the   newly   es- 


Expansion  93 


THE   FRANKLIN    &   MARSHALL    HOUSE 
(Purchased  1910) 

tablished  Court,  without  whose  ratification  no  petition  might 
hereafter  be  granted.  There  is  httle  to  indicate  that  either  Council 
or  Court  was  governed  to  any  great  degree  by  the  resolutions 
passed  by  the  Eleventh  Convention  in  regard  to  expansion.  •'  As 
a  matter  of  historic  fact  they  inducted  three  new  chapters  within 
six  months  after  the  convention  had  adjourned,  two  of  them  in 
institutions  very  antagonistic  to  the  whole  fraternity  idea,  and 
one  of  these  not  even  in  the  United  States. 

The  petition  from  Franklin  and  Marshall  was  in  many  ways 
the  most  irresistible  of  all  which  the  Councils  had  ever  received. 
In  the  fall  of  1897  there  had  been  organized  a  club  called  The 
Nevonia,  and  among  its  members  was  Oliver  S.  Schaeffer,  now 
of  Mu.  The  society  had  become  very  strong  during  these  six 
years  as  a  local,  and  Schaeffer  invited  Farquhar,  treasurer  of  the 
Council  and  a  Pennyslvania  man,  to  visit  it  with  view  to  affili- 
ation. Farquhar  was  delighted  with  what  he  found  and  wrote 
most  enthusiastically  to  Worm  to  that  effect.  It  was  clearly  an 
exceptional  opening,  and  after  considerable  correspondence  be- 
tween Worm  and  William  M.  Diefenderfer  of  Nevonia,  both 
Council  and  Court  approved. 


94  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

The  induction  was  held  April  IS,  1903  at  the  Nevonia  Club 
house.  Worm  and  Farquhar  represented  the  Council,  and  they 
had  the  support  of  a  team  from  Mu.  It  was  the  first  induction 
in  twenty  years  over  which  Cutter  did  not  preside.  He  was 
present,  however,  and  spoke  at  the  banquet  in  the  Hamilton 
Club.  William  A.  Mclntyre  was  also  present,  making  his  first 
unobtrusive  bow  to  the  national  Order.  There  were  sixteen 
Nevonia  men  who  became  charter  members  of  Pi,  among  them 
being  Edward  M.  Hartman,  who  made  a  memorable  address  at 
the  banquet,  and  James  A.  Boehm,  who  was  to  be  the  first  editor 
of  our  quarterly  magazine.  History  does  not  record  which  of  the 
young  orators  let  fall  this,  under  the  circumstances,  rather  in- 
vidious comparison:  "Benjamin  Franklin  founded  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  his  youth,  but  when  he  had  reached  the  maturity 
of  his  powers,  he  founded  Franklin  College,  the  forerunner  of 
Franklin  &  Marshall." 

The  father  of  Rho  was  Horace  D.  McMullen  of  Gamma,  who 
had  transferred  to  Queens  for  some;  special  work  in  engineering. 
There  had  never  been  any  fraternities  at  Queen's,  but  President 
Grant,  who  had  led  in  the  opposition,  now  died,  and  McMullen 
wrote  to  Worm  saying  that  he  had  taken  up  the  matter  with 
George  Y.  Chown,  the  registrar,  and  that  they  wanted  to  introduce 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  into  Canada.  As  evidence  of  his  ambition  he 
enclosed  a  petition  signed  by  eleven  men,  including  Chown  him- 
self. Opposition  to  fraternities  did  not  disappear  with  the  un- 
sympathetic executive,  however,  as  McMullen  freely  admitted  in 
his  correspondence.  Public  sentiment  was  generally  against  them. 
That  the  college  authorities  initiated  no  change  in  policy-  is  in- 
dicated by  the  fact  that  McMullen  had  to  drop  one  potential 
pledge,  a  Captain  Bogart,  presumably  of  the  faculty,  because 
"the  dean  of  the  faculty  very  strongly  disapproves,  and  it  would 
lose  him  his  place  if  he  went  in".  The  Grand  Officers  must  surely 
have  been  aware  of  the  difficulties  swarming  about  the  extension 
project  at  Queen's;  in  fact  Cutter  wrote  to  McMullen  saying  that 
he  favored  the  petition,  but  that  "chapters  that  start  fraternity 
life  in  an  institution  are  especially  picked  out  for  trouble".  The 
charter,  however,  was  granted. 

There  were  seventeen  men  to  be  initiated,  and  Worm  and 
Rich  went  to  Kingston,  where,  on  April  25,  1903,  in  the  Frontinac 
Hotel,  with  the  assistance  of  Sheard  and  Morgan  of  Xi,  they 
inducted  the  new  chapter.     All  was  as  merr\-  as  a  marriage  bell. 


Expansion  95 

At  the  1904  convention,  however,  the  Council  reported  upon  Rho 
as  follows: 

"The  members  should  be  accorded  great  credit  for  the 
progress  made  in  the  face  of  many  obstacles.  The  anti- 
fraternity  feeling  in  college  is  intense,  and  the  men  have 
been  forced  to  exercise  great  tact  in  their  intercourse  with 
the  opposition  so  as  not  to  estrange  them  utterly.  That 
the  chapter  has  succeeded  in  making  headway,  and  at 
the  same  time  has  maintained  itself  in  a  house,  shows 
the  calibre  of  the  men". 

E.  Neilson  Sappington,  president  of  Eta,  introduced  the  St. 
John's  group  to  the  Council.  In  collaboration  was  Murray,  then 
a  member  of  the  Court.  Sappington  had  some  personal  friends 
among  the  undergraduates  at  St.  John's,  and  these  were  the 
nucleus.  Fraternities  had  previously  been  strictly  forbidden  by 
trustee  ruling,  but  that  restriction  had  recently  been  lifted.  The 
Council  and  Court  voted  to  grant  the  charter  in  case  three  more 
underclass  names  should  be  added  to  the  list  of  petitioners,  and 
the  names  were  forthcoming.  The  induction  took  place  May  16, 
1903,  at  Carver  Hall,  under  the  auspices  of  Worm  and  Sullivan 
of  the  Council  assisted  by  a  team  from  Eta.  Rich,  inductor,  had 
protested  that  the  whole  thing  was  irregular,  at  least  to  the  extent 
that  he  had  never  been  consulted  or  even  allowed  a  vote  on  the 
petition,  and  refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  induction. 
Fifteen  men  became  charter  members  of  Sigma. 

Concerning  Sigma  the  Council  reported  as  follows  to  the  1904 
convention: 

"Sigma  at  St.  John's  suffers,  but  not  to  so  great  a 
degree  (as. Rho),  from  this  same  anti-fraternity  feeling. 
We  are  the  only  fraternity  as  yet  represented  at  St.  John's, 
and  consequently  must  stand  the  brunt  of  all  attacks". 

Not  for  thirteen  years  was  another  fraternity  to  be  introduced. 

This,  then,  is  the  history  of  expansion  during  this  very  active 
period.  The  1904  convention  took  no  definite  stand  on  the  sub- 
ject. Cutter  introduced  a  resolution,  as  the  result  of  some  political 
compromise,  to  the  effect  "that  every  legitimate  effort  be  made 
to  extend  said  chapter  roll",  but  no  action  was  taken.  However 
this  convention,  the  story  of  which  appears  in  the  following  chapter, 
introduced  a  new  leadership  into  the  arena,  and  thus,  intentionally 


96 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


or  not  as  the  case  may  be,  initiated  a  new  and  more  conservative 
policy  in  the  matter  of  expansion.  As  a  matter  of  fact  almost  all 
of  the  older  heads  now  felt  that  it  was  time  to  put  on  the  brakes. 


OSCAR  R.  W.  WORM 


CHAPTER  SEVEN 
Established  Sovereignty  (1894-1904) 

Along  with  the  extension  of  the  chapter  roll  came  the  con- 
solidation of  national  government.  The  constitution  adopted  in 
1894  might  be  assumed  to  have  settled  this  problem.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  constitutions  can  never  settle  it.  When  they  adequately 
express  the  will  of  the  potential  public,  they  may  indeed  seem  to 
do  so;  when  they  fail  to  express  adequately  that  will,  they  are  more 
or  less  quietly  scrapped.  The  fate  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  con- 
stitution lay  in  this  pregnant  period.  The  constitution  was  on 
trial;  which  is  simply  another  way  of  saying  that  the  whole  con- 
ception of  the  national  order  was  on  trial.  It  was  still  the  old  issue 
of  union  as  against  confederation.  Three  chapters  had  fought  it 
out  in  1891,  and  the  forces  for  union,  as  we  have  seen,  prevailed. 
It  now  remained  to  be  seen  whether  the  constantly  increasing 
number  of  chapters,  considerably  distant  from  each  other,  largely 
independent  of  and  rather  patronizing  toward  the  national  order, 
dreaming  extravagant  dreams  in  their  strength  or  inclined  to  let 
everything  slide  in  their  weakness,  could  actually  be  welded  to- 
gether into  a  compact  and  harnomious  union.  This  was  the  question 
which  Cutter  and  Barrett  and  the  others  had  to  answer.  And  they 
had  this  decade  in  which  to  do  so. 

The  aggressive  expansion  policy  was,  as  we  have  seen,  a  part 
of  their  answer.  A  fraternity  of  eighteen  chapters  would  command 
more  respect,  both  within  and  without  its  own  ranks,  than  one  of 
seven  or  eight.  Paradoxically  the  very  fact  of  numbers  made  not 
only  for  strength,  but  for  union.  Incidentally,  however,  it  also 
complicated  the  task  of  leadership. 

Throughout  this  period  the  Councils  undertook  to  promote 
the  organization  of  the  alumni.  The  New  York  City  Club  cannot 
be  said  to  have  fulfilled  the  purpose  of  its  founders,  namely  to  be 
an  alumni  chapter  with  regular  and  frequent  literary-social  meet- 
ings. It  had,  however,  in  its  supervision  of  the  Zeta-Theta  com- 
bination, done  much  to  keep  the  fraternity  idea  alive  in  New 
York,  and  hence  everywhere.  At  one  time  its  dues  got  as  high  as 
$10  for  resident  members.  The  following  from  Barrett's  report 
to  the  1900  convention  is  of  interest: 

97 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


-^"V^dRS^^^Sr. 


0ss0ml^ 


"Lately  the  New  ^'(jrk  Club 
has  taken  on  a  new  form  of  life 
which  may  prove  its  death.     In 

November the   members   of 

the  Columbia  chapter  were  espec- 
ially desirous  of  having  the  local 
chapters  go  into  a  house  on  113th 
Street,  having  before  existed  in 
rooms  or  apartments.  The  house 
was  accordingly  rented  about  the 
first  of  December,  the  terms  being 
$75  a  month,  seven  of  the  alumni 
going  on  the  lease,  all  this  being 
done  on  the  distinct  pledge  of 
undergraduates  of  Columbia  that 
a  sufihcient  number  of  roomers  be 
obtained  in  the  house  to  make 
the  rent  payments  practically 
easy.  None  of  these  pledges 
were  kept,  and  the  makers  of  the 
lease  have  left  upon  their  hands 
a  house  which  they  must  rent  out 
to  whomsoever  they  can  or  other- 
wise pay  the  monthl}^  rent  until 

the  1st    of    October It    is 

believed  by  those  who  were  in 
a  position  to  be  well  informed 
that  some  punitive  measures 
should  be  taken  against  the  men 
who  made  these  pledges  and  then 
backed  awa\"  from  them". 


THE   COLUMBI.4.   HOUSE 
(Purchased   1908) 


While  the  New  York  Club  was 
thus  mothering  her  two  restive  metropolitan  step-children,  other 
clubs  were  being  organized  and  chartered  elsewhere:  in  1897  the 
Boston  Club;  in  1900  the  Albany  Club;  in  1902  the  Connecticut, 
Southern  and  Morgantown  Clubs,  the  first  two  with  headquarters 
at  New  Haven  and  Washington  respecti\"ely ;  and  in  1904  the 
Philadelphia  Club.  Thus  at  the  close  of  this  peritxl  there  were 
seven  duly  chartered  alumni  clubs,  and  it  should  be  ob\'ious  that 
however  active  and  permanent  they  might  pro\e  to  be,  their  \-ery 
establishment  helped  to  nationalize  the  Fraternit\-. 


Established  Sovereignty  99 

Then  the  Councils  took  a  wise  and  constructive  pohcy  in  the 
matter  of  pubHcations.  For  the  labor  involved  and  for  the  initia- 
tive of  editorship  credit  goes  again  to  Cutter,  who  devoted  much 
time  and  energy  to  the  project.  Already  in  1891  he  had  published 
a  forty  page  catalogue  of  the  Fraternity.  Now  in  September,  1894, 
following  the  convention  at  New  Haven  which  settled  so  many 
questions  of  constitution,  he  published  the  first  number  of  The 
Signet,  continuing  the  name  of  the  literary  manuscripts  which 
Howe  had  fathered  back  in  the  days  of  Pi  Chapter.  It  was  a  four- 
teen page  organ  and  contained,  besides  the  biographical  sketches 
of  the  members  of  the  Third  Degree  and  the  Council,  the  non- 
secret  parts  of  the  new  constitution.  It  may  be  said  in  passing 
that  the  making  non-secret  of  much  of  the  constitution  was  a  highly 
progressive  step  in  fraternity  history  and  was  opposed,  prior  to 
the  1894  convention,  by  Le  Fevre  and  others.  The  Signet  was  to 
be  sent  to  all  brothers,  and  supported  by  the  Grand  Chapter  tax, 
which  was  then  $'S. 

Another  Signet,  eight  pages  this  time,  appeared  in  December. 
The  third  issue,  however,  did  not  come  out  until  June  1896,  and 
was  a  bare  folder  announcing  the  1896  convention  and  begging 
for  funds.  Apparently  some  money  was  contributed,  for  four  more 
numbers  of  the  series  appeared  within  a  year  and  a  half,  all  very 
slight  affairs,  one  containing  Benjamin  Cutter's  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
two-step. 

In  1902  Barrett  wrote  to  Frank  Morgan  at  St.  Lawrence,  "I 
regret  to  say  that  the  Fraternity  does  not  possess  its  own  peculiar 
songs  and  music;  we  await  the  coming  of  a  musical  Moses".  It 
should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  Council  had  printed  words  to 
be  sung  at  the  twenty-fifth  reunion  in  1898,  including  two  verses 
written  by  Charles  B.  Jameson,  Z  '96,  and  not  long  after  Barrett's 
letter  to  Morgan  there  appeared  another  booklet,  containing, 
besides  the  two  by  Jameson,  one  by  Harry  H.  Drysen,  9  '03, 
one  by  George  W.  Kyle,  Z  '02,  and  six  by  Oscar  Worm,  all  to 
familiar  tunes  and  including  the  well-known  ones  written  to 
Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp  and  Die  Wacht  am  Rhein. 

A  considerable  report  of  the  1898  convention  was  published,, 
and  after  the  Supreme  Court  had  been  established,  a  revised 
edition  of  the  constitution  appeared. 

Then  there  was  the  Year  Book  of  1902,  an  ambitious  and  im- 
portant publication,  edited  by  Cutter  and  Ira  J.  Ackerman  of 
Gamma.     It  was  a  cloth  bound  book  of  two  hundred  and  twentv 


100  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

pages,  containing  the  constitution,  pictures  of  the  Founders,  the 
induction  and  enrollment  of  the  chapters,  the  enrollment  of  clubs, 
registration  at  conventions,  the  personnel  of  the  Third  Degree, 
songs,  necrology,  and  a  geographic  directory.  Of  course  it  was 
a  tremendous  task.     Ackerman  reported  to  the  1902  convention: 

"I  estimate  that  I  have  written  every  man's  name 
at  least  ten  times,  and  some,  of  course,  a  great  many  more. 
I  have  addressed,  folded  and  sent  out  no  less  than  6000 
pieces  of  mail  matter,  some  of  which  contained  three  or 
four  enclosures." 

Two  things  were  requisite:  information  and  subscriptions;  and 
appeals  for  both  were  unpardonably  ignored.  The  undergraduates 
were  particularly  delinquent.  The  book  was  at  one  time  held  up 
in  the  press  because  of  a  lack  of  funds.  The  price  was  one  dollar. 
It  was  the  plan  to  keep  the  material  in  type  so  that  it  might  be 
revised  and  re-issued  annually,  but  Cutter  went  off  the  Council 
at  this  time,  and  Ackerman,  who  was  elected  to  the  secretaryship 
in  recognition  of  his  service,  for  personal  reasons  felt  constrained 
to  resign  during  his  term  of  ofifice.  And  the  Year  Book  made  but  a 
single  appearance. 

Without  question  the  publication  activity  of  the  Councils 
had  much  to  do  with  the  consolidation  of  the  Fraternity,  and  it  is 
in  this  connection  that  it  is  stressed  in  these  annals. 

The  Councils  found  their  executive  problem  a  two-fold  one  as 
relating,  first,  to  individuals,  and  second,  to  chapters.  It  had 
become  early  evident  that  the  Brotherhood  was  not  to  be  able  to 
dispense  wholly  with  the  Big  Stick  as  representative  of  law  and 
order.  The  final  obligation  was  accepted  and  carried  lightly. 
Typical  of  a  rather  widespread  feeling  was  the  letter  of  a  young 
man  in  Queen's,  to  the  effect  that  his  failure  to  pay  his  dues  ought 
to  be  considered  sufficient  notification  of  his  withdrawal  from  the 
Order.  As  late  as  1901  resignations  from  at  least  two  of  the  chapters 
were  honored  by  the  Council.  It  was  to  combat  this  feeling  that 
the  convention  of  1902  amended  the  constitution  to  pro\-ide  that 
a  brother  might  sever  his  connection  with  this  Fraternil\-  only 
through  expulsion  or  death. 

And  that  brings  us  up  to  the  question  of  expulsion.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  at  the  1891  convention  Barrett  declared  that  as 
long  as  he  should  remain  in  the  Brotherhood,  he  would  oppose 
every  attempt  to  expel,  but  his  judgment  was  o\"erruled,  and  the 


Established  Sovereignty  101 

constitution  as  adopted  at  New  Haven  permitted  a  chapter  to 
expel  upon  the  concurrence  of  the  Council.  This  privilege  was 
exercised  by  Beta  the  following  year.  It  seems  that  one  of  the 
active  men  had  quarreled  with  others  in  the  chapter,  had  been  in- 
discreet in  his  reference  to  the  chapter  outside,  and  had  failed 
to  keep  up  his  dues.  The  chapter  voted  to  expel  and  referred  the 
matter  to  the  Council.  Armstrong,  Cutter  and  Greenawalt  sat  in 
on  the  hearing,  at  which  the  defendant  was  present,  and  finally 
voted  to  suspend  him  until  a  certain  date.  Then,  if  he  had  not 
paid  his  indebtedness,  he  was  to  be  automatically  expelled.  He 
failed  to  make  payment  and  was  dropped. 

Under  the  same  provision,  Richard  F.  Price,  E  '93,  whose 
name  because  of  his  public  and  official  capacity  cannot  well  be 
suppressed,  having  served  for  part  of  one  term  on  the  Council  as 
inductor  ad  interim  and  afterward  having  been  duly  elected  to 
that  office,  was  convicted  in  the  New  York  courts  of  fraudulent 
appropriation  of  funds,  and  was  subsequently  expelled  from  the 
Fraternity. 

Nor  were  the  other  chapters  to  be  spared.  In  1898  Gamma 
initiated  proceedings  against  one  of  her  members, — ^the  charges 
being  incompatibility  and  neglect  of  obligations, — conducted  a 
hearing,  referred  an  excellent  resume  of  this  to  the  Council,  and 
had  its  action  of  expulsion  unanimously  sustained  by  that  body. 
In  1902  two  men  were  expelled  from  Nu.  Indebtedness  and  failure 
to  cooperate  were  the  charges.  Vogel,  secretary  of  the  Grand 
Chapter,  conducted  a  hearing,  and  the  Council  concurred  with  the 
ruling  of  the  chapter.  Two  men  were  likewise  dropped  from  Zeta, 
for  failure  to  meet  their  bills. 

An  interesting  case  occurred  at  Lambda  in  1901.  The  recital 
reminds  one  almost  of  a  mock  trial.  The  charge  was  debt.  One 
defendant  owed  the  chapter  $5.28,  and  the  other  $13.66.  Both 
pleaded  not  guilty,  an  error  in  bookkeeping.  The  chapter  con- 
ducted the  hearing  and  sent  in  to  the  Council  a  legal  report  of  the 
same  covering  fifty-one  typewritten  pages.  It  also  notified  the 
defendants  that  they  were  expelled,  without  waiting  for  the  action 
of  the  Council.  The  Council  reaffirmed  the  sentence,  however, 
although  from  the  distance  of  twenty  years  it  looks  as  though  there 
must  have  been  hidden  motives  or  misjudgment  somewhere. 

Barrett  was  wont  to  say  that  if  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  had  been  a 
religious  order,  the  harmony  to  be  found  therein  would  have  been 
attributed  to  Divine  Providence.     At  this  time,  however,  the  un- 


102  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

pleasant  evil  of  chapter  litigation  was  clearly  spreading  alarmingly. 
The  expulsion  whip  was  hardly  a  proper  instrument  to  put  into  the 
hands  of  undergraduates.  And  the  animosities  provoked  within 
the  chapter  during  investigation,  hearing  and  con\'iction,  practi- 
cally precluded  any  reversal  of  judgment  by  the  Council.  Clearly 
some  change  was  essential  in  our  judicial  processes.  Therefore  the 
Council  was  already  discussing  the  desirability  of  creating  a  ju- 
dicial body,  the  Supreme  Court.  With  Cutter  at  least  there  was 
another  consideration.  He  felt  that  the  younger  men  w'ere  "strain- 
ing at  the  leash"  to  get  into  national  office,  and  thought  to  provide 
an  opportunity  for  them.  He  wrote  to  Walter  H.  South,  "By 
organization  of  this  court  we  will  have  a  much  greater  opportunity 
to  get  the  younger  men".  Apparently  he  lived  to  repent  him  of 
that  particular  policy  as  is  evidenced  by  his  open  letter  to  the 
chapters  in  1912  and  again  in  1920  to  the  effect  that  no  one  under 
forty  should  be  elected  to  either  Court  or  Council.  His  deter- 
mination on  the  matter,  however,  was  greatly  strengthened  by 
developments  in  West  Virginia. 

The  spring  of  1902  was  a  bad  one  for  Delta.  As  Cutter  fre- 
quently described  it,  the  chapter  "factioned".  A  minority  of  four 
men,  apparently  inclined  to  sportiness,  set  themsehes  against  a 
not  much  larger  majority,  blocking  bidding  and  precipitating  hard 
feelings.  Moreover  the  treasurer  misappropriated  about  $150  and 
thus  incurred  the  landlord's  wrath.  In  May  1901  Cutter  had  \-isited 
the  chapter,  and  during  the  following  year  it  had  recei\'ed  three 
other  visitations  from  the  Council,  two  by  Arnold  and  one  by 
Thompson.  Thus  the  national  officers  were  aware  of  the  strained 
situation,  and  in  the  fall  of  1902  Cutter  wrote  to  the  chapter, 
urging  comity.  In  reply  he  received  a  letter  from  South.  Lang 
and  Garrison,  local  alumni,  saying  that  conditions  demanded  com- 
plete reorganization  of  the  chapter,  by  Council  and  alumni  if  Delta 
were  to  survive.  Constitutionally  the  Council  could  not  itself 
expel ;  the  New  York  members,  however,  did  what  seemed  the  next 
best  thing;  they  suspended  the  whole  chapter  and  appointed  South 
receiver.  Meanwhile  the  undergraduates  had  settled  their  differ- 
ences sufficiently  to  agree  upon  hve  possible  pledges,  and  a  petition, 
signed  by  seven  men  including  the  four  recalcitrani  members, 
was  sent  to  the  Council  asking  that  they  might  be  let  alone.  On 
September  20  fifteen  alumni  met  with  the  active  chapter,  and 
thereafter  recommended  to  the  Council  that  the  suspension  be 
lifted    in   respect   to   all    but   four   of    the   tnuiergradtiates.      Their 


Established  Sovereignty  103 

proposition  was  that  the  local  alumni  could  handle  the  situation 
if  they  might  be  empowered  to  expel  and  reorganize,  but  Cutter 
called  attention  to  constitutional  obstacles,  and  had  now  antag- 
onized the  Morgan  town  men  to  the  point  of  carping  and  futile 
disputation.  Meanwhile  one  of  the  troublesome  boys  took  up  his 
abode  in  the  house  of  another  fraternity. 

There  is  no  historical  advantage  in  going  into  details.  South, 
it  seems,  brought  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  Murray,  vice- 
president  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  complaining  that  Cutter  was  "too 
bloody  dictatorial".  Murray  had  heard  nothing  of  the  affair  be- 
fore, and  from  the  start  urged  more  intervention  by  the  Council. 
It  was  finally  his  suggestion  that  carried,  and  he  was  appointed  a 
deputy  judge  to  investigate  and  recommend.  On  November  8 
he  held  a  hearing  in  Morgantown.  With  him  he  associated 
Terrence  D.  Stewart,  Edward  B.  Carskadon,  Mansfield  M.  Neely, 
Walter  H.  South,  Robley  T.  Smith  and  Dennis  Willis,  all  of  Delta, 
as  associate  judges,  judge  advocate,  assistant  judge  advocate, 
counsel  for  chapter,  and  reporter,  respectively.  Five  alumni  and 
nine  active  members  were  examined  under  oath.  It  was  agreed 
that  the  three  judges  should  later  confer  and  render  a  report. 
Murray  came  away  from  the  hearing  with  the  conviction  that  it 
was  largely  a  case  of  unnecessary  meddling  by  the  alumni,  and 
that  the  worst  feature  of  all  was  the  suspension  of  the  chapter  by 
the  Council. 

Murray  purposely  delayed  calling  the  judges  together.  The 
Morgantown  alumni  were  no  longer  agreed  among  themselves. 
Clement  R.  Jones,  to  be  for  years  dean  of  the  Engineering  College, 
although  one  of  the  fifteen  to  ask  that  the  alumni  be  given  plenary 
powers  to  expel  and  reorganize,  was  now  in  sympathy  with  the 
defendant  faction,  and  Murray  was  bent  upon  trying  out  the  heal- 
ing properties  of  time.  Meanwhile  the  1902  convention  had  taken 
place,  the  Supreme  Court  had  been  created,  and  the  Worm  Council 
elected.  The  convention  had  not,  however,  taken  up  the  Delta 
trouble  at  all.  In  January,  under  pressure,  Murray  called  Stewart 
and  Carskadon  together  to  give  judgment.  He  found  them  much 
more  drastic  in  recommendation  than  he,  and  eventually  two 
reports  were  submitted  to  the  Council  while  the  Board  of  Inquiry 
stood  almost  as  bitterly  divided  as  the  suspended  chapter  itself. 
Whatever  the  actual  merits  of  the  case,  which  presumably  can 
never  be  positively  ascertained,  the  tangle  was  now  complete. 

Worm  seems  to  have  handled  the  difficult  situation  firmly  and 


104  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

adroitly,  but  his  green  council  was  not  in  a  position  to  legislate 
effectively,  and  the  matter  was  finally  and  fittingly  referred  to  the 
newly  constituted  Supreme  Court.  The  result  was  that  on  January 
31  that  body  handed  down  a  decision  to  the  effect  that  the  sus- 
pension of  the  chapter  be  lifted  save  in  the  instance  of  three  men, 
and  that  the  suspension  of  any  of  these  be  subsequently  lifted  upon 
unanimous  vote  of  the  chapter  and  the  Board  of  Inquiry.  All 
three,  however,  joined  other  fraternities. 

Now  to  go  back  a  little!  If  Cutter  had  still  entertained  any 
doubts  as  to  the  desirability  of  a  judicial  body,  his  experience 
with  Delta  rapidly  removed  them.  The  Council  was  not,  however, 
unanimous  regarding  it.  Neither  Barrett  nor  Vogel  shared  Cutter's 
certainty,  and  the  former  indeed,  saying  that  he  had  not  enough 
money  to  take  the  Washington  trip  comfortably  and  that  under 
such  circumstances  a  man  scrimps,  spends  more  than  he  had  planned 
and  has  a  generally  miserable  time  of  it,  did  not  attend  the  conven- 
tion at  all.  Off  the  Council  the  same  was  true.  South,  for  example, 
declared  himself  as  sceptical  as  to  the  efficacy  of  such  a  tribunal. 
Cutter  in  reporting  for  the  Council  to  the  convention,  therefore, 
went  into  the  matter  in  some  detail : 

"There  never  yet  was  a  case  of  expulsion  in  the 
Fraternity  but  that  trouble  and  distress  ensued  in  the 
chapter;  but  with  this  Supreme  Court  organized,  an  im- 
partial body  of  brothers,  with  the  maximum  of  experience 
in  the  traditions  of  the  Fraternity,  every  man  charged  will 
have  the  fairest  trial  possible.  This  tribunal  v/ould  cer- 
tainly be  the  best  body  to  protect  us  from  unwise  discipline. 

"Again  we  believe  that  many  of  the  troubles  we  have 
experienced  with  recalcitrant  members  would  have  been 
obviated  had  there  been  such  a  tribunal  as  this  proposed 
court.  Bumptious  members  who  were  never  disciplined 
at  home,  megalocephalics  who  know  it  all,  the  members 
who  get  into  personal  quarrels  with  one  another  and 
drag  the  chapter  into  it,  to  name  no  more;  if  they  knew 
there  was  a  tribunal  with  power  to  calmly  lift  them  out 
of  their  environments  and  permanently  set  them  apart, 
to  travel  outside  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  would  be  wary  of 
such  discipline". 

A    committee    was    appointed,    the    chairman    of    which    was 
Briscoe  B.  Ranson,  H  '02,  to  draw  up  the  necessar>'  amendments. 


Established  Sovereignty  105 

but  the  draft  which  Cutter  had  brought  to  Washington  with  him, 
seems  to  have  constituted  the  body  of  this  committee's  report. 
The  amendments,  after  some  discussion  and  revision,  were  one  by 
one  adopted  by  the  convention.  The  nominating  committee 
offered  two  names  for  the  presidency,  those  of  Murray  and  Worm. 
Murray  withdrew  in  favor  of  Ranson,  who  was  defeated  by  Worm 
in  a  very  close  vote.  The  retiring  Council  went,  to  a  man,  upon 
the  newly  established  Court.  Thus  culminated  a  development 
which  was  immediately  to  strengthen  the  national  organization 
and  to  be  of  lasting  benefit  to  the  Fraternity. 

It  now  remains  to  consider  the  leadership  of  the  Council  in 
its  relationship  to  the  chapters  as  such.  A  notable  instance  may 
be  found  at  Cornell. 

In  the  winter  of  1891,  not  two  years  after  the  induction  of  the 
chapter,  Gamma  initiated  a  house  project.  The  chapter  had 
fifteen  members  and  rented  four  rooms  on  the  third  floor  of  a  busi- 
ness block  owned  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Titus,  a  real  estate  dealer.  Of  the 
twenty-two  men's  fraternities  at  Cornell,  nineteen  either  owned  or 
rented  their  own  houses,  and  Gamma  felt  keenly  the  disadvantage 
of  her  position.  Mr.  Titus,  it  seems,  proposed  to  purchase  a  lot 
for  about  $2200  and  build  for  them  thereon  an  $8000  house,  capable 
of  accommodating  about  fifteen  men.  Charles  A.  Stiles  was  the 
chapter  president,  and  he  took  up  the  plan  with  enthusiasm.  It 
was  intended  to  handle  the  project  by  a  first  and  a  second  issue  of 
bonds,  and  Stiles  wrote  to  Cutter  to  find  out  what  money,  either  in 
the  form  of  bond  purchase  or  loan,  might  be  expected  from  the 
Grand  Chapter.  Much  correspondence  followed,  but  the  money, 
naturally  enough,  did  not  materialize.  Meanwhile  Gamma  initiated 
Mr.  Titus  into  the  Fraternity  as  an  honorary  member,  and  he 
went  down  to  New  York  to  present  the  plans  to  the  Council.  Barrett 
personally  put  $400  into  the  thing,  and  the  chapter  raised  a  little 
money  among  themselves,  but  they  seem  to  have  been  counting 
upon  about  $700  more  from  the  Grand  Chapter,  and  when  they 
realized  that  it  was  not  forthcoming,  the  deal  fell  through.  On 
January  8,  1893,  Stiles,  bitterly  disappointed,  wrote  to  Cutter: 

"The  land  scheme  is  over  as  Mr.  Cornell  has  disposed 
of  the  lot  to  other  purchasers,  and  we  have  returned  as  far 
as  possible  the  money  invested  with  us.  Kindly  commun- 
icate with  Brother  Barrett.  When  sometime  in  eht 
future  we  undertake  a  similar  scheme,  I  hope  it  will  not 
be  killed  by  the  indifference  of  the  general  society". 


106  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

In  the  spring  of  the  following  year  Gamma  tried  it  again. 
She  had  meanwhile  rented  the  old  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  proj^erty, 
and  it  had  been  put  up  to  her  by  Mr.  Murray,  the  owner,  that  she 
must  either  buy  or  vacate  at.  once.  The  chapter  thereupon  signed 
a  contract  to  purchase  on  September  1,  1895  with  a  cash  payment 
of  $2000  and  subsequent  installments  of  $500,  up  to  $8000.  The 
active  chapter  pledged  $635,  and  then  wrote  to  Cutter  to  secure 
the  backing  of  the  Council.  The  Council,  however,  after  careful 
examination  of  the  contract,  refused  to  permit  the  canvas  for  funds 
on  the  ground  that  failure  to  make  the  initial  payment  might 
legally  be  followed  by  damage  suits,  and  failure  to  meet  the  later 
obligations  might  result  in  the  forfeiture  of  everything  invested. 
This  project,  therefore,  also  had  to  be  abandoned. 

Early  in  1899  the  pot  was  boiling  again.  The  chapter  was  in 
debt,  but  it  launched  a  subscription  campaign  and  by  May  of  the 
following  year  it  had  paid  up  all  its  bills  and  accumulated  nearly 
$900  toward  a  home.  At  this  time  it  had  the  opportunity  of  pur- 
chasing its  present  site  for  $2500,  $1000  down  and  the  rest  to  be 
covered  by  mortgage,  and  on  the  seventh  of  May  the  deal  was 
closed.  Two  years  were  required  to  clear  the  mortgage.  There- 
upon a  building  association  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
New  York,  and  consisted  of  three  honorary  and  two  graduate 
members,  one  of  the  former  being  Brother  Titus.  It  w^as  decided 
to  build  at  once,  financing  the  project  by  bond  issue.  These  bonds 
w^ere  assumed  by  the  contractor,  a  sub-contractor  and  an  Ithaca 
merchant.  The  house  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $26,000  and 
furnished  by  subscription.  This  was  in  1903.  Soon  after,  three 
adjoining  lots  were  purchased  to  insure  adequate  grounds. 

Of  the  undergraduates  of  Gamma  the  leader  and  moving  spirit 
during  this  epochal  period  was  Frank  G.  Curtis,  and  during  the 
summer  of  1903,  wholly  on  his  own  initiative,  he  published  "a 
souvenir  of  Gamma  Chapter  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa",  a  cloth-bound 
book  of  ninety  pages,  containing  many  illustrations,  some  histori- 
cal material,  and  an  article  contributed  by  Cutter.  900  copies 
were  printed,  and  then  in  the  assumed  name  of  his  business  man- 
ager, John  M.  Poe,  (really  his  fiancee),  he  distributed  them  broad- 
cast with  the  request  to  return  or  remit.  Some  complaints  followed, 
and  the  Council  finally  felt  constrained  to  deprecate  his  business 
methods.  Be  that  as  it  ma>\  the  project  indicates  the  exuberance 
of  spirit  to  be  found  in  (lamma  Chapter  as  the  palatial  home  went 
up. 


Established  Sovereignty 


107 


108  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Gamma's  experience  in  home-building  has  been  given  in  more 
detail  than  that  of  some  of  the  other  chapters  will  be.  She  was  the 
pioneer,  and  she  did  the  thing  in  a  big  way.  The  house  is,  indeed, 
an  appropriate  and  impressive  memorial  to  the  courage  and  faith 
of  her  leaders  at  that  time.  Many  of  the  other  chapters  were  to 
follow  her  example  and  build  or  buy  in  due  season.  In  fact  so 
early  as  1903  Kappa,  through  an  alumni  association,  had  purchased 
the  property  which  the  chapter  was  renting,  but  the  project  proved 
to  be  premature  and  later  had  to  be  abandoned.  The  story  of 
Cornell's  house  is  significant  because  it  shows  the  gradual  accep- 
tance of  the  part  which  might  be  expected  from  the  national  body 
in  such  enterprises.  It  became  clear  that  the  administration  must 
be  assumed  by  a  responsible  alumni  association,  properly  incor- 
porated and  empowered  to  act.  The  Grand  Chapter  reserved  the 
right  to  pass  upon  the  general  plan  of  procedure,  to  the  extent  that 
its  sanction  to  the  solicitation  of  funds  from  alumni  was  explicitly 
required.  Not  yet,  however,  has  it  been  in  a  position  to  furnish 
financial  aid  to  chapters  seeking  to  own  their  homes. 

Another  striking  phase  of  the  Council-chapter  relationship  was 
to  be  found  at  Yale.  Epsilon  chapter  was  inducted  in  the  Law 
School  in  1893.  There  were  five  charter  members,  besides  Camden 
of  Delta,  who  organized  the  group.  The  establishment  was  every- 
where hailed  with  delight.  Alpha  minutes  record  that  Cutter's 
telegram  announcing  the  grant  was  received  with  cheers.  Gamma 
men  said  that  the  existence  of  a  chapter  at  Yale  was  the  best 
rushing  argument  they  had.  But  Epsilon  was  to  have  some  rough 
sailing  before  she  was  to  become  a  satisfaction  to  herself  and  the 
Fraternity  at  large. 

When  Epsilon  acted  as  host  for  the  New  Haven  convention 
the  following  June  there  were  five  local  brothers  to  do  the  honors. 
Camden  and  Buttle  were  charter  members;  Hackett,  Lynch  and 
Wright  had  been  initiated  during  the  year.  Of  the  other  four 
charter  members,  one,  as  we  saw  earlier  in  this  chapter,  was  soon 
to  be  expelled  from  the  Order,  one  wrote  to  Cutter  that  he  had 
never  attended  more  than  three  or  four  meetings  and  desired  to 
resign,  the  third  acquired  some  rather  unpleasant  notoriety  and 
was  quietly  allowed  to  drop  from  the  fraternal  roll,  and  of  the 
fourth,  who  signed  the  petition,  we  have  no  documentary  evidence 
of  his  even  having  been  initiated.  When  Yale  opened  in  the  fall 
of  1894  the  active  chapter  consisted  of  two  men,  Wright  and  Lynch. 

There  was  nothing  to  do  but  to  start  all  over  again.     Cutter 


Established  Sovereignty  109 

wrote  to  Wright,  recommending  that  he  branch  out  from  the  Law 
School  idea:  "Am  glad  to  see  that  you  are  doing  such  good  work; 
your  plan  is  right;  get  into  every  department  and  get  first-class 
men,  and  you  will  soon  make  the  chapter  so  strong  that  it  will  be 
one  of  the  best.  Don't  run  to  sports;  you  have  had  enough  experience 
in  that  line".  During  the  school  year,  however,  only  three  converts 
were  made,  and  the  following  November  Cutter  was  again  writing 
to  the  little  group,  dwelling  on  Phi  Sigma  Kappa's  record  of  no 
dead  chapters  and  urging  greater  efforts.  This  time  something 
happened.  On  February  21  the  chapter  initiated  a  delegation  of 
eight  men,  including  him  to  whom  Epsilon  men  affectionately  refer 
as  "Billie"  Barnes.  Cutter  and  Greenawalt  came  up  for  the  cele- 
bration. Five  other  men  were  initiated  during  that  year.  Epsilon 
was  revived,  this  time  as  a  University  chapter. 

The  boys  rented  rooms  in  a  business  block,  and  Cutter,  in 
view  of  the  defection  of  so  many  of  the  original  charter  members, 
took  up  the  matter  of  providing  a  new  charter  with  a  more  satis- 
fying list  of  names.  Trouble  was  not  completely  routed,  however. 
Within  two  months  after  the  notable  February  initiation,  expulsion 
proceedings  were  under  way  in  respect  to  one  of  these  newly 
elected  brothers,  and  although  the  matter  was  patched  up,  it  was 
a  warning  of  rocks  ahead.  Cutter  was  back  and  forth  from  New 
York  frequently  during  this  period. 

Then  the  boys  became  fast.  In  the  summer  of  1897,  Edwin 
W.  Higgins,  later  United  States  Congressman,  wrote  to  Cutter 
about  his  chapter  and  said  that  it  "ought  to  be  more  than  a  drinking 
club  or  a  place  where  once  a  week  the  fellows  congregate  and  bicker 
over  the  policy  and  management  of  the  chapter".  The  following 
November  when  Barnes  was  back  in  New  Haven,  he  looked  up  the 
chapter  and  found  it  in  "a  very  bad  condition".  He  wrote  further 
as  follows: 

"A  special  meeting  was  called  at  the  chapter  rooms 
last  Thursday  by  the  light  of  a  candle  owing  to  an  unpaid 
gas  bill.  At  this  meeting  I  had  greatdifficulty  in  compelling 
the  chapter  to  bring  charges  against  a  brother  who  last 

June  pawned  the  pool  balls  in  order  to  leave  town 

This  chapter  has  done  no  work  at  all.  I  think  that  the 
meeting  of  which  I  have  spoken  above  was  the  only  meeting 
held  during  the  college  year." 

Let  us  now  leave  New  Haven  long  enough  to  journey  down  to 


110  •  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

New  York  and  attend  the  conclave  that  celebrated  the  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  the  Order.  It  was  a  two  day 
affair  at  the  St.  Denis  Hotel,  and  attended  by  about  fifty  of  the 
Brotherhood,  including  two  of  the  surviving  Founders  and  other 
distinguished  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  The  convention  is  significant 
because  it  raised,  apparently  for  the  first  time,  the  question  of 
undergraduate  conduct.  Upon  request,  the  delegates  reported 
variously  as  to  whether  their  chapters  permitted  drinking  and 
gambling  in  the  rooms,  the  metropolitan  chapters  being  the  only 
ones  admitting  to  both.  Gamma  reported  that  she  had  suffered 
a  bitter  experience  and  had  learned  her  lesson.  There  followed  a 
considerable  discussion,  Loughran  and  Happel  insisting  that  there 
is  no  such  thing  as  a  two-cent  limit,  and  Brooks  recalling  to  mind 
the  spirit  of  protest  against  such  things  which  had  inspired  the 
founding  of  the  Fraternity.  The  result  of  the  discussion  was  a 
resolution:  "that  it  is  the  sense  of  this  convention  that  playing  of 
games  for  stakes  and  the  drinking  of  intoxicating  liquors  be  not 
allowed  in  chapter  rooms  or  houses".  And  it  might  be  added  that 
at  the  1900  convention  Barrett  introduced  another  resolution  re- 
afifirming  this  position,  which  after  some  discussion  was  unani- 
mously carried. 

This  New  York  convention  raised  the  Grand  Chapter  tax  from 
three  to  five  dollars,  and  elected  Loughran  president.  Loughran. 
it  will  be  recalled,  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers of  Beta.  Since  his  graduation  he  had  become  a  prominent 
physician  in  New  York,  and  had  indeed  been  offered  a  consul- 
generalship  by  Cleveland.  He  had  a  liking  for  politics,  and  at 
the  1896  convention  had  successfully  run  George  \'ogel  against 
the  Cutter  candidate,  for  president.  At  this  same  time  he  had  been 
elected  auditor,  and  soon,  upon  Price's  defection,  was  appointed 
inductor  instead.  He  was  a  man  of  marked  ability,  and,  in  Cutter's 
words,  "when  the  most  serious  troubles  came  up,  he  was  a  rock 
for  steadiness". 

It  was  during  his  administration  as  president  that  conditions 
at  New  Haven  came  to  a  head.  Epsilon  was  bankrupt  both  in 
means  and  morale.  Barnes  used  to  say,  and  truly  no  doubt,  that 
it  was  due  to  enlistments  from  our  group  for  the  Spanish-American 
War.  At  any  rate  Loughran  went  to  New  Haven  in  the  fall  of  1899 
and  suspended  the  chapter,  so  that  Hackett  and  Barnes,  writing  to 
Cutter  under  date  of  June  S,  1900,  said,  "No  meetings  have  been 
held  for  several  weeks,  dues  ha^'e  not  been  paid,  no  chapter  rooms 


Established  Sovereignty  111 

are  in  possession  of  the  chapter".  On  June  26  Cutter  went  to  New- 
Haven  and  conferred  with  Hackett,  Barnes  and  Lynch  looking 
toward  a  reorganization  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School.  "Prac- 
tically, after  the  meeting  of  yesterday,"  he  then  wrote,  "Epsilon 
as  a  University  chapter  is  dead".  In  1902  the  Council  reported 
to  the  convention  that  Epsilon  was  "de  facto  dead",  and  advised 
"that  its  charter  be  annulled,  with  the  hope  that  it  may  later  be 
revived  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  only". 

Credit  for  bringing  this  hope  to  realization  belongs,  in  part 
at  least,  to  Worm,  president  of  the  Grand  Chapter.  It  seems  that 
Nelson  K.  Benton  of  Theta  the  following  year  got  him  into  touch 
with  Elliott  H.  Wendell,  an  underclassman  at  Yale,  and  the  three 
of  them  were  dined  by  Cutter  at  the  Lawyers'  Club.  The  proposi- 
tion was  put  up  to  Wendell  as  a  splendid  but  difficult  opportunity. 
In  Cutter's  words:  "Silence  —  deep  thought  by  Shorty,  his 
head  bowed — then  he  looked  up  and  said  that  he  would  act,  and 
we  shook  him  by  the  hand  and  relaxed".  Wendell  was  sworn  in 
as  an  Epsilon  man,  went  back  to  New  Haven,  and  met  Barnes.  It 
was  agreed  that  he  should  secure  ten  men  in  Shef  and  then  report. 
Worm  also  visited  him  at  least  once.  The  result  of  his  work  was 
that  Epsilon  was  launched  for  a  third  time,  now  as  a  Sheffield 
society,  and  a  new  charter  was  prepared  and  presented  to  the 
chapter.  Those  who  have  known  Epsilon  only  in  her  prosperity 
may  indeed  marvel  at  the  story  of  her  early  fight  for  life.  It  is 
of  peculiar  interest  that  of  the  two  men  who  have  been  most  in- 
strumental during  these  later  years  in  placing  her  upon  the  proud 
eminence  of  Sachem  Hall,  one,  Hackett,  dates  from  her  first  un- 
happy experience,  and  the  other,  Barnes,  dates  from  the  second. 
Epsilon  may  after  all  be  grateful  for  those  painful  and  disruptive 
years. 

There  is  much  historic  significance  in  the  persistency  with 
which  the  national  officers  kept  after  the  chapter  at  New  Haven. 
They  may  not  have  been  unerring  in  their  judgment,  but  they  were 
determined  to  save  the  chapter  at  Yale,  and  Epsilon  really  owes 
her  existence  to  the  Councils  of  this  period.  As  with  the  account 
of  Gamma's  building  project,  this  record  of  Epsilon's  struggles  is 
representative  and  not  inclusive  history.  Similar  work,  if  indeed 
not  so  dramatic,  was  being  done  in  other  institutions,  a  notable 
example  being  Stevens.  On  April  24,  1902  Cutter  directed  Iota 
"to  deliver  to  Brother  Charles  Lucas  Wachter  the  charter  and  all 
record   books  and  the  constitution  of   Iota,  to  remain  in  his  cus- 


112  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

todianship  until  such  time  as  the  chapter  is  in  a  safe  condition  to 
receive  them".  And  Howard  B.  Clark,  I  '03,  wrote  later  to  Vogel, 
"We  hold  meetings  as  often  as  possible  at  Kegabehn's  Cafe;  but 
we  have  the  good  grace  at  such  events  not  to  talk  over  chapter 
matters".  In  1904  Wachter  went  onto  the  Council  and  soon  after, 
with  the  help  of  Charles  M.  Kaltwasser  of  Stevens  and  the  Columbia 
chapter,  he  initiated  eight  men  into  Iota  and  revivified  the  chapter. 

If  such  emergency  supervision  as  has  been  described  above 
was  the  salvation  of  the  chapters  concerned,  it  was  also,  to  a  con- 
siderable degree,  the  salvation  of  the  Council  too,  for  it  demon- 
strated beyond  question  the  essential  need  and  the  practical 
efficacy  of  a  centrally  constituted  authority.  And  therein  lies  its 
greatest  significance. 

There  remains  to  be  considered  one  other  phase  of  the  Council- 
chapter  relationship.  The  scene  of  this  episode  was  Washington, 
D.  C.  Lambda  was  about  to  initiate  as  a  graduate  member  the 
Honorable  George  Briice  Cortelyou,  Secretary  of  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  Labor.  Cutter  had  been  largely  instrumental 
in  bringing  this  to  pass,  and  the  invitation  was  extended  to  Mr. 
Cortelyou  by  Fowler,  A  '80.  Cutter,  however,  was  not  popular 
in  Lambda.  George  H.  Davis,  chapter  president,  apparently  dis- 
liked him  to  the  point  of  discourtesy.  He  may  or  may  not  have 
had  legitimate  reasons  for  his  antipathy.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
Cutter  lacked  the  urbanity  of  a  man  like  Barrett,  and  became 
exceedingly  exasperating  to  some  people  who  still  respected  his 
abilities  and  his  loyalty  to  the  Order.  Davis  probably  resented 
Cutter's  suggestions  regarding  the  details  of  the  Cortelyou  initi- 
ation as  unwarranted  intrusion.  In  course  of  events  he  invited  the 
Council  and  Court  to  be  present  at  the  banquet,  and  expressed 
the  desire  that  either  the  president,  Worm,  or  the  chancellor, 
Barrett,  should  speak.  As  neither  of  these  men  could  be  present, 
they  delegated  Cutter  as  their  representative.  Davis  thereupon 
wrote  to  both  Cutter  and  Worm  that  such  an  arrangement  "would 
be  unsatisfactory  to  him,  and  in  his  opinion,  to  the  majorit>'  tif 
the  chapter". 

Cutter  nevertheless  attended  the  banquet.  There  Da\is  sub- 
jected him  to  every  evidence  of  studied  slight,  assigning  him  a 
place  below  the  salt,  and  after  more  friendh-  brothers  had  re- 
seated him  at  the  head  table,  refusing  to  recognize  him  on  the 
speaking  program.  The  Council  was  represented,  however,  b>- 
Goff,    secretary,    who    spoke    upon    the    subject    "Our    Fraternity 


Established  Sovereignty  113 

Idea".  Other  speakers  were  Mr.  Cortelyou,  Brother  C.  W. 
Needham,  president  of  the  University,  the  well-known  diplomat, 
William  M.  Collier,  and  Brother  Hugh  Caldwell,  later  to  be  mayor 
of  Seattle.  Fowler  was  present,  but  was  pretty  generally  ignored. 
At  the  close  of  the  banquet  there  were  some  calls  for  Cutter,  and 
he  responded  briefly. 

Three  days  later  the  Council  issued  a  pronouncement,  signed 
by  Goff,  to  the  effect  that  "for  contumacious  treatment  of  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Council"  Davis  was 
declared  suspended  from  clTfi.ce,  his  duties  to  be  assumed  by  a  pre- 
vious president,  Harry  S.  Reger.  The  only  one  of  the  Lambda 
officers  to  honor  this  decree  was  Donald  McLean.  Davis  and 
his  supporters  destroyed  the  proclamation,  secreted  the  official 
literature  of  the  chapter,  "suspended"  the  brothers  who  remained 
loyal,  and  prepared  for  rebellion.  On  April  30,  seven  days  after 
the  banquet,  there  appeared  over  the  signature  of  twenty-one  of 
Davis'  friends,  undergraduate  and  alumni,  six  resolutions,  the  final 
three  reading  as  follows: 

"Resolved  that  we  hereby  express  our  entire  con- 
fidence in,  and  allegiance  to.  Brother  Davis,  and  that  we 
now  consider  him  the  executive  head  of  Lambda  chapter. 

"Resolved  that  we  hereby  express  our  decided  dis- 
approval of  the  arbitrary  manner  in  which  this  suspension 
has  been  made,  and  the  discourteous  manner  in  which  the 
duly  elected  officers  of  this  chapter  have  been  treated. 

"Resolved  that  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  Council  and  to  the  other  chapters  of  this 
Fraternity,  and  that  the  sentiments  therein  expressed 
be  spread  upon  the  permanent  records  of  this  chapter." 

The  Council  had  directed  Davis  to  appear  before  it  on  May 
1st  to  show  why  his  suspension  should  not  be  made  permanent, 
and  upon  his  ignoring  the  direction  altogether,  the  suspension 
was  so  made. 

It  should  be  said  that  both  Worm  and  Reger  handled  the 
delicate  situation  extremely  well.  Reger  conducted  himself  with 
such  considerate  assurance  as  to  avoid  personal  antagonisms  in 
the  Davis  faction.  And  Worm's  decisiveness  was  only  exceeded 
by  his  unfailing  tact.  Upon  receipt  of  the  above  resolutions  he 
communicated  with  Woodward,  the  secession  secretary,  with  such 
a  display  of  courtesy  and  reasonableness  that  Woodward  replied 


114  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

in  a  similar  vein,  but  when,  later,  Woodward  wrote  to  ask  for 
certain  official  documents.  Worm  quietly  referred  him  to  Reger, 
to  whom  he  said  they  had  been  sent.  Thus  it  came  about  that  on 
June  12,  Davis  having-  left  Washington  at  the  close  of  the  term., 
a  regular  election  of  ofihcers  was  held  in  the  chapter  house,  the 
recalcitrant  brothers  taking  part  therein.  Reger  wrote  to  W'orm, 
"A  feeling  of  harmony  and  good  will  was  everywhere  apparent". 
And  upon  the  20th  Worm  replied,  "You  are  hereby  formally  re- 
lieved from  the  duties  of  acting  president  of  Lambda  chapter,  and 
are  requested  to  install  as  soon  as  possible  the  officers  elected  at 
the  last  meeting  of  the  chapter". 

What  had  been  going  on  in  the  F"raternity  is  nowhere  better 
exemplified  than  in  this  episode.  There  could  be  no  question  now 
as  to  where  the  government  lay.  In  a  situation  of  extraordinarv 
difficulty  and  delicacy  the  Council  had  functioned  in  a  way  greatly 
to  its  credit.  Quietly  it  had  been  building  up,  in  terms  of  service, 
its  right  to  deference  and  authority.  Now  in  a  crucial  test  it  had 
been  tried  and  found  effective.  The  FVaternity  at  large  was  ready 
at  last  -to  acknowledge  its  established  sovereignty. 

The  Philadelphia  convention  in  October  must  be  mentioned 
by  way  of  personal  postscript. 

In  spite  of  the  outcome  of  the  Washington  trouble,  Cutter 
was  now  politically  dead.  The  feeling  in  the  South  ran  strongly 
against  him.  There  were  other  critics  too.  He  had  been  in  the 
saddle  too  long  not  to  have  accumulated  animosities  in  mam- 
places.  Prior  to  the  convention  Packard  and  Rich,  honorary  and 
charter  members  respectively  of  Zeta,  sent  out  a  circular  letter 
attacking  Cutter  most  violently  in  the  name  of  the  "Southern 
brethren"  and  urging  the  delegates  to  support  for  the  presidency 
of  the  Grand  Chapter,  Phanor  J.  Eder,  also  of  Zeta.  To  this 
letter  Cutter  replied,  in  an  attractively  printed  sixteen  page 
pamphlet,  with  a  dignified  and  for  the  most  part  convincing 
answer  to  the  charges  and  a  complete  statement  as  to  the 
Cortelyou  banquet  prepared  by  his  friend  Loughran  and  C. 
Reseau  Rose  and  Frank  A.  Lorenzo  of  Theta.  The  atmosphere 
was  electric,  and  in  the  South  the  slogan  came  to  be,  "Neither 
Cutter  nor  anyone  running  on  a  Cutter  ticket  shall  be  elected". 

There  were  over  a  hundred  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men  at  Phil- 
adelphia for  the  convention.  And  there  was  just  one  issue  in 
which  any  one  took  the  least  interest,  the  election  of  ofticers. 
Cutter  and  Davis  were  both  present.  Eder  wrote  thus  of  the 
business  session,  while  his  blood  was  still  warm: 


Established  Sovereignty  115 

"Charges  having  been  brought  and  substantiated 
against  Dr.  Cutter  on  the  floor  of  the  convention,  and  no 
refutation  of  them  having  been  made,  and  the  contin- 
uation of  detailed  proof  to  support  them  having  been 
barred  by  the  unusual  conduct  of  Dr.  Cutter  and  his  ad- 
vocates, and  the  motion  having  been  made  that  'the 
matter  be  closed  forever  and  anon';  thereupon,  those 
bringing  the  charges,  having  established  the  general  out- 
line of  their  case  and  having  no  desire  to  go  into  the 
black  details  any  further  than  was  required  by  the  good 
of  the  Fraternity,  acceded  to  the  motion,  and  the  meet- 
ing adjourned  with  the  spirit  of  harmony  reigning  supreme". 

Worm  appointed  a  nominating  committee  of  seven,  both 
Cutter  and  Davis  being  members.  Eder  was  the  anti-Cutter 
candidate  for  president,  and  Vogel  had  been  put  forward  by  Cutter's 
friends  to  oppose  him.  It  seems  that  in  the  lobby  there  had  been 
some  talk  of  a  compromise  candidate,  and  Cutter  and  Barrett 
said  that  as  far  as  they  were  concerned  Ranson  would  be  accep- 
table. Thereupon  Eder  withdrew  his  name.  Loughran  and  the 
Philadelphia  crowd,  however,  would  not  hear  of  Vogel's  with- 
drawal, and  the  results  of  the  nominating  committee  were  a  majority 
report,  presented  by  Cutter,  with  Vogel's  name  at  the  head  of  the 
ticket,  and  a  minority  report,  presented  by  Davis,  with  Ranson 
the  nominee.  Below  the  vice-presidency  the  tickets  were  identi- 
cal. Discussion  became  violent  again.  When  the  votes  were 
counted,  however,  Vogel  was  found  elected  by  a  two-to-one  major- 
ity, and  Ranson  went  into  oflice  also, — as  vice-president.  Hackett 
and  Fowler  replaced  Cutter  and  Vogel  on  the  Court.  Davis  as- 
sured the  convention  of  his  loyalty  to  the  new  officers,  and  the 
assembly  adjourned  to  banquet. 

At  the  banquet  Loughran  on  behalf  of  the  brothers,  presented 
Barrett  with  a  beautiful  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  badge.  It  was  his 
fiftieth  anniversary.  Barrett  was  deeply  touched,  and  the  crowd 
whooped  their  delight  at  seeing  him  overwhelmed.  "You  are  a 
lot  of  wild  Indians,"  he  said  chokingly.  Whereupon  Joe  Sullivan 
of  Lambda  was  up  on  his  feet  like  a  flash,  shouting,  "Come  on 
boys,  three  cheers  for  THE  BIG  CHIEF".  And  Barrett  bore 
that  loving  appellation  until  his  death. 


CHAPTER  EIGHT 

Quiet  Times  (1904-1908) 

The  new  leadership  of  the  Order  lay  for  the  most  part  with 
V^ogel  and  Mclntyre,  president  and  treasurer  elect  of  the  Grand 
Chapter. 

Whatever  may  have  been  his  spirit  in  1889,  when  with  five 
companions  he  brought  into  being  a  new  chapter  of  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  at  Cornell,  George  Vogel,  nicknamed  "The  Czar",  will  go 
down  in  history  as  an  exponent  of  the  conservative  forces  in  the 
Fraternity.  Since  his  graduation  from  college  he  had  been  de- 
voting himself  to  the  interests  of  public  school  education.  At 
this  time  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Department  of  Public 
Instruction  in  New  Jersey,  but  in  1905  he  became  principal  of  the 
Hackensack  High  School  in  that  same  state.  His  time  was  some- 
what at  his  own  disposal  and  he  was  not  yet  married.  His  train- 
ing for  leadership  in  the  Fraternity  had  been  excellent.  He  was 
present  at  the  Albany  convention  in  1891,  which  gave  itself  over 
so  strenuously  to  the  matters  of  constitution  and  ritual,  and  by 
1904  was  already  becoming  an  accepted  authority  along  these 
lines.  In  1896  he  had  been  elected  president  of  the  Grand  Chapter, 
and  thus  presided  over  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  conclave  two 
years  later.  At  this  time  he  had  succeeded  Cutter  as  secretary, 
a  position  which  he  held  until  1902,  when  he  was  elected  to  the 
newly  created  Supreme  Court.  Thus  for  eight  consecutive  years 
he  had  held  office  in  the  Grand  Chapter.  It  is  easy  to  understand 
why  he  was  not  allowed  to  retire,  at  Philadelphia,  in  favor  of  a 
man  who  had  never  held  any  office  at  all. 

Mclntyre,  "Billy  Mac"  as  he  has  come  to  be  universally 
known,  was  new  timber.  Not  long  after  his  initiation  into  the 
Order  he  had  witnessed  a  disgusting  "party"  in  his  own  chapter. 
His  first  impulse  had  been  to  clear  out  of  the  chapter;  his  second 
was  to  clean  it  up.  Two  years  later,  upon  hearing  the  report  of 
the  Mu  delegates  to  the  Washington  convention,  he  went  through 
almost  the  same  identical  experience  in  respect  to  the  national 
order.  On  that  occasion,  he  confessed  in  later  years,  he  made  up 
his  own  mind  that  he  was  sometime  going  onto  the  Council.     It 

116 


Quiet  Times 


117 


GEORGE   J.    VOGEL 


118  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

is  a  real  tribute  to  his  leadership  that  the  very  year  of  his  graduation 
from  Pennsylvania,  the  men  of  his  own  chapter  saw  to  it  that  he 
was  elected  treasurer  of  the  Grand  Chapter.  That  was  the 
beginning.  And  ten  years  later,  reviewing  his  decade  of  inestima- 
ble service  on  the  Council,  John  Adams  Lowe  accurately  charac- 
terized the  man  as  follows: 

"Brother  Mclntyre  is  essentially  a  man  of  action. 
With  few  flourishes,  with  seldom  a  false  move,  with  in- 
finite care  for  the  all-important  detail,  he  brings  things 
to  pass.  The  man  who  already  is  doing  much  is  the 
man  who  will  do  still  more.  .  .  .  And  somehow — there- 
in lies  the  mystery — somehow  the  task  is  done,  and  done 
with  consummate  care.  This  is  the  secret  of  our  retiring 
leader's  service  to  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  With  unostentatious 
faithfulness,  unerring  judgment,  and  contagious  enthusi- 
asm, he  has  been  the  real  guide  to  a  Council  of  notable 
activity  through  an  administration  of  progressive  accom- 
plishment". 

This  then  was  the  team:  a  president  of  conservative  tenden- 
cies who  knew  the  history  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  like  a  map,  and  a 
treasurer  of  most  scrupulous  loyalty  with  an  unusual  regard  for 
detail.  The  time  was  in  need  of  such  men.  The  retiring  Council 
had  passed  on  a  deficit  of  over  $350,  which  at  that  point  in  our 
progress  was  an  actual  burden.  The  Fraternity  was  still  on  a 
precarious  footing  in  a  number  of  spots,  but  the  real  and  under- 
lying danger  lay  in  a  superficiality  of  growth.  Vogel  saw  clearly 
that  what  was  now  essential  was  a  safe  and  sane  business  adminis- 
tration, looking  toward  the  strengthening  of  the  organic  structure 
of  the  Order.    To  this  task,  then,  he  set  himself. 

The  most  obvious  problem  was  the  financial  one.  The  only 
resources  of  the  Council  were  the  Grand  Chapter  tax  of  $5  and  the 
charter  tax  of  $25,  totaling  possibly  a  thousand  dollars  a  \-ear. 
The  slogan,  then,  must  be  the  strictest  economy  in  funds:  meticu- 
lous collection  of  dues  and  careful  oversight  of  expenditures.  This 
was  the  policy  of  the  period.  In  1904  Mclntyre  started  with  the 
deficit  mentioned  above;  in  190S  he  reported  a  balance  of  nearly 
$1500.     It  was  the  largest  reserve  the  P'raternity  had  ever  known. 

This  does  not  mean,  however,  that  the  work  of  the  Council 
suffered  a  consequent  paralysis.  There  was  some  curtailment  of 
chapter  visitation :  still  Mclntyre  himself  went  to  all  of  the  chapters 


Quiet  Times 


119 


WILLIAM    A.    McINT  .  RT 


120  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

but  two  during  the  period,  and  Vogel  covered  these,  and  others. 
Three  Signets,  (a  couple  of  indexes  and  a  chapter  news  magazine), 
ranging  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  pages  apiece,  appeared  during 
1906  and  1907;  but  it  should  be  added  that  a  more  or  less  futile 
attempt  to  collect  a  twenty-five  cent  subscription  for  these  was 
made.  The  Year  Book,  however,  was  not  re-issued,  and  the  time 
had  not  yet  come  for  a  regular  publication. 

For  the  most  part  it  was  a  quiet  time.  The  kind  of  work  the 
Council  was  attempting  does  not  lend  itself  to  history.  The  1906 
convention  at  Ithaca,  however,  of  which  very  scant  record  seems 
to  be  extani:,  was  apparently  a  rather  spirited  affair.  Fifteen  years 
later  Mclntyre  recalled  it  as  follows: 

"At  Ithaca  there  was  quite  a  fight  for  the  presidency: 
Vogel  versus  Hackett.  Theta  alligned  with  Epsilon, 
endeavoring  to  recall  the  Zeta  charter,  and  they  were 
defeated  by  one  vote.  A  very  hard  fight  for  the  next 
convention:  Lancaster  or  New  York.  Lancaster  won  by 
two  votes.  Caucuses  in  convention  first  appeared.  Look- 
ing back  at  it,  this  convention  reminds  me  of  the  last 
dying  gasp  of  the  old  regime,  and  shows  the  firm  grasp 
of  the  new." 

The  Council  was  greatly  changed  in  its  minor  personnel:  Ranson, 
Goff,  Wachter  and  Curtis  giving  way  to  Hartman,  Dyrsen,  Barnes 
and  Arthur  S.  Lewis  of  Gamma.  On  the  Court  Arnold,  Murray 
and  Loughran  were  replaced  by  Goff,  Ranson  and  Worm.  An 
outstanding  feature  of  the  convention  was  Barrett's  speech  at  the 
banquet. 

The  Courts  were  called  upon  to  act  on  two  cases  of  expulsion. 
One  was  at  Kappa  and  involved  some  interesting  detective  work 
on  the  part  of  the  chapter.  The  culprit,  it  seems,  to  avoid  exposure 
in  a  fraudulent  appropriation  of  money,  created  a  wholly  fictitious 
character  who  moved  in  mystery  and  nevertheless  contributed 
verbal  evidence  in  the  case.  The  guilty  brother,  after  partial 
confession,  was  expelled.  Lambda  presented  another  case  of  non- 
payment of  dues  which,  in  spite  of  voluminous  hearing  literature, 
seems  to  have  had  basis  upon  unmentioned  causes,  possibly  ani- 
mosities dating  back  to  the  Davis  trouble.  The  Court  in  this 
instance  laid  down  certain  conditionsof  acquittal,  and  the  defendant, 
failing  to  avail  himself  of  these,  excommunicated  himself. 

The  question  of  extension  was  still,  of  course,  a  living  one. 


Quiet  Times 


121 


122  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

The  1904  convention  had  not  committed  itself  upon  his  issue 
Vogel  and  his  associates  were  not  opposed  to  further  afifiHation, 
but  it  was  understood  from  the  start  that  they  would  consider  only 
very  promising  openings.  These  Councils  moved  rather  more 
slowly  and  deliberately  in  the  granting  of  charters  than  any  previous 
ones  had  done.  There  were,  however,  five  new  chapters  added  to 
the  roll  during  this  period  of  four  years. 

The  man  who  corralled  the  chapter  to  be  Tau  was  Charles 
Arthur  Rice,  who  had  transferred  to  Dartmouth  from  Massachu- 
setts Aggie.  He  did  it  much  along  old  lines.  Dartmouth  was  a 
rapidly  growing  institution  with  a  large  group  of  non-fraternity 
men.  It  was  comparatively  simple  for  Rice  to  enlist  his  own 
intimates,  and  through  them,  a  group  sufficiently  large  to  petition 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  There  was  considerable  correspondence  be- 
tween Rice  and  Curtis.  The  latter  urged  the  inclusion  of  faculty 
members  among  the  petitioners,  and  Rice  was  able  to  arrange 
that.  There  were  eventually  fourteen  men  besides  Rice  to  be 
inducted  on  March  25,  1905.  Curtis  and  Vogel  conducted  the 
ceremonies,  and  were  assisted  by  a  team  of  seven  men  from  Alpha. 
Rice  himself  had  been  going  through  a  severe  series  of  attacks  of 
appendicitis,  but  pluckily  insisted  upon  postponing  the  operation 
until  after  the  induction. 

Tau  established  herself  in  rooms  in  a  business  block,  a  common 
fraternity  practice  in  Hanover  at  that  time,  and  within  a  few  months 
the  building  was  burned,  and  most  of  the  chapter  belongings  were 
lost.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  the  Council  sent  to  Hanover  a 
substantial  donation,  and  that  several  of  the  chapters  followed 
suit. 

On  December  5,  1905  the  Council  entertained  a  petition  trom 
fifteen  students  at  Brown.  A  careful  investigation  was  made. 
All  of  the  New  England  chapters  were  asked  to  send  delegates  to 
Providence,  and  the  services  of  neighboring  alumni  were  solicited. 
Eugene  F.  Banfield,  O  '07,  was  the  man  behind  the  movement, 
and  he  with  two  Brown  petitioners  visited  the  Yale  chapter  in  the 
interests  of  the  project.  The  Epsilon  men  seem  to  have  liked  their 
guests,  but  felt  very  positively  that  there  was  not  room  for  any 
more  national  fraternities  at  Brown.  Two  representatives  of 
Alpha,  however,  went  to  Providence  and  submitted  a  very  urgent 
recommendation  to  grant.  Davis  visited  the  group  and  referred 
to  their  petition  as  "this  great  chance".  Frederick  H.  Read,  A  '96, 
and  Rich  were  others  who  turned  in  favorable  reports.    Thereupon 


Quiet  Times  123 

the  Council  voted  to  grant  the  charter,  and  eventually  the  Court 
confirmed  the  action.  Mclntyre  and  Curtis  conducted  the  in- 
duction on  February  10,  1906. 

In  1902  there  was  organized  at  Swarthmore  College  a  local 
fraternity,  which  went  under  the  name  of  Omega  Alpha.  It  seems 
never  to  have  acquired  great  strength  as  a  local,  but  entertained 
hopes  of  a  charter  in  Phi  Gamma  Delta.  In  1906  another  local  was 
established,  strictly  siih  rosa,  its  guiding  spirits  being  John  H.  Crow 
and  George  S.  Nobles.  So  successful  were  these  men  in  campus 
politics  that  when  the  society  came  out  into  the  open  under  the 
name  Algonquin  Club,  every  one  of  its  members  held  "at  least  one, 
and  in  many  cases  two  or  three,  college  offices".  The  Algonquin 
Club  also,  as  it  happened,  desired  a  charter  in  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  and  Nobles  attended  a  Phi  Gamma  Delta  convention  to 
push  the  petition  in  person.  The  matter  was  there  put  into  the 
hands  of  the  Pennsylvania  chapter  of  that  Fraternity.  Soon 
afterward,  returning  from  the  South  on  a  musical  club  trip.  Nobles 
got  into  conversation  with  Walter  E.  Roberts  of  Omega  Alpha,  and 
the  two  became  confidential  to  the  extent  that  their  common  goal 
became  known,  and  the  fact  that  one  local  possessed  a  very  desirable 
club  room  whereas  the  other  had  the  campus  honors  was  also 
mutually  recognized.  It  was  therefore  suggested  that  the  two 
organizations  amalgamate,  and  this  was  promptly  done.  Repre- 
sentatives were  then  sent  to  visit  the  Pennsylvania  chapter  of 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  and  returned  so  dissatisfied  with  what  they 
found,  that  Roberts,  who  had  been  a  pupil  of  George  Vogel  at  one 
time,  suggested  Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 

Mclntyre  took  a  great  interest  in  this  petition,  and  visited 
Swarthmore  several  times  incident  thereto.  Delegates  from  Mu 
and  Pi  also  sent  in  favorable  recommendations.  The  induction 
was  held  on  March  24  and  was  quite  an  occasion.  Vogel,  Mclntyre, 
Wachter,  Cutter,  T.  V.  Sullivan,  Barrett  and  a  great  many  other 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  were  present.  Mclntyre  is  still  referred  to  as 
the  "father"  of  Phi  chapter. 

There  was  about  this  time  a  local  society  in  Williams  College, 
called  Phi  Society.  Its  leader  was  John  Adams  Lowe,  later  to  be 
Editor  of  The  Signet,  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  and  member 
of  the  Court,  and  its  personnel  was  a  fair  sized  group  of  clean-cut, 
idealistic  fellows  of  moderate  means.  Phi  Society  had  petitioned 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  but  not  yet  successfully,  and  was  on  the  lookout 
for  another  approach  into  Greekdom.     It  so  happened  that  one 


124 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


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Quiet  Times  125 

of  the  members  fell  sick  and  was  attended  by  Dr.  John  B.  Hull, 
B  '92.  Dr.  Hull  was  of  the  type  that  invites  confidence,  and  the 
boy  seems  to  have  told  him  the  whole  situation.  Thereupon  the 
doctor  got  into  touch  with  his  nephew.  Dr.  Thurman  A.  Hull  of 
Troy,  also  a  Beta  man. 

It  seems  that  Thurman  Hull  had  been  approached  before  on 
the  subject  of  a  chapter  in  Williams,  and  had  taken  some  steps  in 
that  direction.  In  1906  he  wrote  that  both  Vogel  and  Worm  had 
been  after  him  for  three  or  four  years  to  secure  a  petition  there. 
Now  he  had  something  definite  to  offer.  Mclntyre  went  up  to 
Troy,  and  from  there,  with  Hull,  Winfield  S.  Kilts  and  Adelbert  S. 
Dederick  of  Beta,  over  to  Williamstown.  They  liked  the  prospect, 
and  instructed  the  Phi  Society  men  to  put  in  a  petition.  This  was 
promptly  done,  and  as  promptly  granted,  with  the  result  that  on 
June  16,  1906  Mclntyre,  assisted  by  a  team  from  Beta  and  Upsilon, 
inducted  twenty-five  Williams  men  as  Chi  Chapter.  Among  the 
number  was  R.  Rossman  Lawrence,  within  a  few  years  to  take  his 
place  on  the  Council  as  treasurer  of  the  Grand  Chapter. 

In  January,  1906,  Brock  McGeorge  Dear,  a  student  at  the 
University  of  Virginia,  wrote  to  the  Council  concerning  a  newly 
organized  local  by  the  name  of  Delta  Omega.  There  was  a  little 
correspondence  back  and  forth,  but  nothing  developed  that  spring. 
On  September  22,  however,  W.  Jefferson  Davis  took  up  the  matter 
again.  The  society  was  renting  a  house,  and  had  a  membership 
of  ten  active  men  and  a  few  pledges.  Mclntyre  records  that  the 
petitioners  were  visited,  and  that  one  of  them,  Alvan  H.  Foreman, 
attended  a  meeting  of  the  Council.  Lewis  and  Dyrsen  conducted 
the  induction  on  January  19,  1907.  Psi  Chapter  thus  completes 
the  roll  of  expansion  for  this  period. 

Mention  may  properly  be  made  of  the  building  of  the  chapter 
house  at  Yale.  The  third  organization  of  the  chapter  was  proving 
weather-proof.  Cutter  gives  a  picturesque  if  not  wholly  printable 
account  of  a  banquet  which  he  attended  in  New  Haven  at  this  time. 
It  is  apparent  that  the  boys  were  feeling  their  oats  a  little.  But 
the  essential  stamina  was  in  them,  and  they  carried  things  along 
with  spirit  and  confidence.  Barnes  narrates  how  early  in  1905  the 
chapter  decided  to  own  its  own  house. 

"Hackett  at  that  time  was  in  possession  of  $125  of 
chapter  funds.  It  was  voted  that  he  proceed  with  this 
amount  and  build  a  house." 


126 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


Quiet  Times  127 

An  undergraduate  committee,  conspicuous  on  which  was  Hiram 
M.  Walker,  discovered  a  piece  of  property  for  sale  at  124  Prospect 
Street.  There  was  a  frame  house  capable  of  accommodating  fifteen 
men,  conveniently  located  near  the  University,  and  occupying  a 
sightly  lot  about  an  acre  in  size.  They  found  that  this  property 
could  be  purchased  for  $27,000,  the  owner  taking  a  first  mortgage 
of  $15,000.  This  seemed  a  reasonable  proposition,  and  so,  in  the 
words  of  Barnes,  "all  that  remained  to  be  done  was  to  deposit 
$100  as  an  option  and  obtain  the  balance  of  the  money". 

A  building  committee,  Hackett,  chairman,  and  Barnes, 
treasurer,  was  selected,  which  on  May  11,  1905  expanded  and 
incorporated  as  The  Epsilon  Association.  It  was  voted  to  issue 
second  mortgage  bonds,  to  be  guaranteed  as  to  interest  by  a  local 
trust  company,  and  by  October  the  necessary  $12,000  had  been 
raised,  and  the  deeds  were  signed.  The  active  chapter  were  put 
into  the  house,  and  things  proceeded  to  move  at  double  quick. 

"Within  a  few  weeks  Mr.  Phillip  Corbin  was  taken 
into  the  chapter.  He  became  very  much  interested  in  the 
idea  of  building  a  new  home  for  the  chapter.  He  obtained 
the  consent  of  his  grandfather,  Mr.  Phillip  Corbin  of  New 
Britain,  to  advance  the  Association  money  for  a  new  build- 
ing. Mr.  Corbin,  senior,  took  over  the  original  first 
mortgage  and  enlarged  it  to  $60,000  in  order  to  cover  the 
cost  of  the  new  building." 

Meanwhile  enthusiasm  was  running  high  in  the  chapter  and  among 
the  local  alumni.  Initiation  fees  jumped  from  $15  to  $250.  Hackett 
and  Barnes  gave  themselves  over  to  the  task  with  magnificent 
spirit.  The  frame  dwelling  was  moved  over  to  one  side,  the  chapter 
going  with  it,  and  the  present  beautiful  house  was  built.  In  1907 
the  chapter  moved  into  the  new  home,  and  gave  to  it,  following  a 
custom  at  Yale,  the  name  of  Sachem  Hall. 

Within  two  months  after  the  completion  of  the  building  and 
during  the  summer  recess,  a  fire  of  undetermined  origin  started  in 
one  of  the  closets  on  the  second  floor  one  night,  and  before  ex- 
tinguished, had  destroyed  the  roof  and  greatly  damaged  the 
interior  contents.  Fortunately  the  loss  was  fully  covered  by 
insurance,  and  "barring  a  few  weeks  delay  the  building  was  placed 
back  in  its  original  condition  and  no  great  amount  of  harm  was 
done".     We  have  not  to  date  more  palatial  and  luxurious  chapter 


128  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

houses  than  the  ones  at  Yale  and  Cornell,  undertaken  as  it  were 
in  the  very  infancy  of  the  chapters  and  of  our  landed-estateship 
as  a  national  order. 

No  alumni  clubs  were  inducted  during  this  period;  the  fe\er 
for  alumni  colonization  seems  for  the  while  to  have  passed.  Barrett 
reported  to  the  1908  convention  as  follows: 

"It  is  probably  well  known  to  you  all  that  the  prin- 
cipal excuse  for  the  existence  of  the  New  York  Club  is 
the  production  of  an  annual  dinner  on  or  about  the  date 
of  the  founding  of  the  Fraternity,  the  same  being  held 
in  New  York  City,  with  a  hearty  welcome  extended  to 
all  brothers,  regardless  of  age  or  previous  condition  of 
servitude,  who  can  be  induced  to  attend.  Such  a  dinner 
was  held  at  the  Hotel  Astor  on  the  fourteenth  day  of  last 
March,  with  President  Barrett  presiding  and  eighty-four 
brothers  occupying  more  or  less  conspicuous  positions 
before  him." 

At  the  same  convention  the  Boston  Club  reported  annual  banquets 
and  occasional  smokers.  The  Southern  Club  reported  one  smoker. 
The  other  four  clubs  made  no  report  at  all.  Thus  we  may  see  that 
the  alumni  locality  clubs  had  entered  upon  a  rather  desultory  and 
nominal  existence,  which,  in  spite  of  subsequent  additions  to  their 
number,  was  to  continue  throughout  the  rest  of  the  half-century. 

During  this  period  there  began  to  grow  a  discernible  feeling, 
particularly  among  some  of  the  leaders,  that  the  New  York  City 
national  headquarters  idea  was  not  wholly  salutary.  Council 
meetings  were  held  in  the  Theta  chapter  house,  and  were  more  or 
less  public  to  the  various  alumni  who  were  accustomed  to  drop  in, 
presumably  as  members  of  the  New  York  Club.  Incidentally 
Theta  chapter,  even  to  this  day,  has  never,  because  of  its  location. 
been  able  to  enjoy  the  normal,  uninterrupted  life  of  a  college 
fraternity.  Alumni  and  guests  are  excellent  as  a  relish,  but  not 
wholesome  as  regular  fare.  Mclntyre  even  dared  to  desire  to  get 
the  records  of  the  Fraternity  out  of  the  hands  of  the  New  York 
crowd,  and  with  this  and  other  definite  innovations  in  mind,  be- 
came a  candidate  for  the  secretaryship.  Neither  \'ogel  nor  Mclnt>re 
was  satisfied  with  the  work  of  this  period,  and  they  were  la>-ing 
their  plans  for  the  future. 

This,  then,  is  the  history  of  this  period  of  transition.  It  was 
to  a  very  marked  degree  a  period  of  inventory  and  adjustment, 


Quiet  Times  129 

and  the  spirit  that  dominated  the  policy  of  the  leaders  was  a  con- 
servative one.  As  compared  with  the  period  which  it  followed,  it 
might  be  said  to  have  been  an  era  of  good  feeling.  The  fact  that 
its  annals  are  few  must  not  be  taken  to  detract  from  its  significance; 
therein,  indeed,  lay  its  significance.  And  the  leadership  which  had 
been  developed  in  Vogel  and  Mclntyre  was  to  carry  over  into 
the  next  period,  a  period  of  assertive  and  constructive  growth. 


CHAPTER  NINE 
Into  the  West  (1908-1916) 

We  have  seen  how  in  the  early  days  of  the  expansion  mo\'emen1 
distance  was  nothing.  In  fact  the  first  colonization  project  looked 
to  the  University  of  New  Mexico  as  its  goal,  and  for  some  time 
sporadic,  and  fortunately  fruitless,  schemes  were  on  foot  for  the 
placing  of  chapters  throughout  the  West.  But  during  the  last 
fifteen  years  the  West  had  been,  more  and  more,  debatable  ground, 
a  land  of  hazard  and  promise,  and  during  this  period  the  con- 
servative elements  in  the  FVaternity  had  been  constantly  gaining 
in  prestige.  New  chapters  were  to  be  established  as  occasion 
offered,  but  proximity  was  to  be  respected  and  geographical  unity 
to  be  preserved.  The  Vogel  administration  was  apparently  mo\"ing 
smoothly  and  safely  along  conservative  lines. 

And  then,  all  of  a  sudden,  something  happened.  The  Council 
was  in  receipt  of  an  informal  petition  from  a  social  club.  The  Ridge 
Road  Club,  of  the  University  of  California.  Behind  it  were  two 
Omicron  men,  Merton  Belcher  and  William  G.  Rhoades.  The 
Council  gave  it  an  honest  consideration  and  was  impressed  by  the 
attractiveness  of  the  opportunity  per  se,  but  it  bore  in  mind  what 
Barrett  had  said  about  child-murder,  and  quietly  turned  it  down, 
"without  prejudice  to  future  consideration".  How  soon  that  future 
consideration  was  to  come,  it  did  not  dream. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  no  sooner  had  the  California  men  recei\'ed 
this  word  from  the  Council  than  they  initiated  a  drive  against  the 
Fraternity  with  such  dash  and  bravado  as  to  be  fairly  irresistible. 
They  directed  their  attention  no  longer  to  the  deliberate,  senatorial 
officers  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  but  rather  to  the  impulsi\e  and 
venturesome  youth  in  the  colleges.  Indeed  they  put  approximately 
$1,000  into  their  petition  and  induction.  And  they  carried  the 
chapters  by  storm.  Their  most  persuasive  instrumentalit\'  was  an 
elaborate  and  expensive  book  containing  alluring  and  convincing 
data.  Our  boys  had  never  seen  anything  like  it  before.  It  was 
like  the  first  nugget  of  gold  from  the  Klondike.  And  almost  with- 
out exception  they  sent  their  delegates  to  Lancaster,  for  the  1908 

130 


Into  the  West 


131 


33  o 


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132  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

convention,  instructed  to  work  for  the  Ridge  Road  Club,  and  in 
many  cases  bearing  formal  recommendations  to  that  effect. 

Vogel,  who  as  president  was  in  the  chair,  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  twelve  to  report  back  to  the  convention  on  this  project. 
The  committee  reported:  "It  is  the  unanimous  vote  that  the 
Ridge  Road  Club  of  the  University  of  California  be  granted  a 
charter  in  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  and  we  hope  the  Council  will  support 
us  in  this  matter".  The  committee  also  made  some  suggestions, 
to  the  effect  that  the  Council  should  send  a  delegate  to  investigate 
each  petition  and  report  to  both  Council  and  chapters;  and  these 
as  recommendations  were  carried.  Election  of  officers  resulted 
in  five  changes  on  the  Council.  Vogel  was  re-elected  president; 
Mclntyre  became  secretary,  and  the  following  new  men  were 
added:  James  A.  Boehm,  IT  '04,  Donald  H.  McLean,  A  '06,  James 
E.  McDonald,  6  '03,  and  Elbert  A.  Munsell,  E  '01.  It  was  to 
prove  a  good  Council. 

On  the  18th  of  December,  five  weeks  after  the  Lancaster  con- 
vention, the  Ridge  Road  Club  sent  in  a  formal  petition,  hand- 
inscribed  on  sheepskin  parchment  and  signed  by  forty-one  members 
of  the  petitioning  club.  The  granting  of  the  charter  by  Council 
and  Court  was  prompt  and  perfunctory.  The  legislators  had  heard 
from  the  people.  The  induction  took  place  on  February  12,  1909. 
Mclntyre  and  Boehm  going  to  California  for  the  occasion.  There 
were  six  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  on  hand  to  help  with  the  degrees:  Faust- 
man,  A  '05,  Wilson,  A  '01,  Yeaw,  A  '05,  Smith,  A  '94,  Read,  N  '06, 
and  Belcher,  O  'OS.  All  forty-one  petitioners  were  initiated,  among 
them  being  Earle  Snell  and  Lester  O.  Wolcott,  both  of  whom  were 
to  be  well  known  nationally  in  the  Order.  The  induction  took 
place  at  the  club  house,  2534  Bancroft  Way,  and  the  banquet  at 
the  Fairmont  Hotel  in  San  Francisco.  Mclntyre  was  toastmaster, 
and  responses  were  made  by  Belcher,  Snell,   Boehm  and  others. 

Thus  at  a  single  bound  we  spanned  the  hemisphere  and  com- 
mitted ourselves  irrevocably  to  extension  in  the  West.  It  seemed 
fitting,  too,  that  we  should  complete  the  Greek  alphabet  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Omega  was  a  strong  chapter  from  the  start.  There 
was  no  danger  of  child  murder  with  so  lusty  a  youngster  as  she. 
Her  roll  has  been  consistently  large,  and  in  1920  she  purchased  a 
capacious  home  of  her  own.  Still  Barrett  was  not  wholly  wrong- 
after  all.  If  there  was  no  danger  of  the  child's  dying,  still  there 
was  danger  of  its  drifting  astray.  It  was  inevitable  that  Omega 
should  fail  to  acquire,  during  the  first  years  of  her  affiliation,  any 


Into  the  West  133 

real  sense  of  our  national  unity.  She  received  no  official  visitation 
from  the  Council,  and  Wilson,  A  '01,  who  was  appointed  deputy 
supervisor,  doubtless  felt  as  far  removed  from  the  life  of  the  national 
Order  as  did  the  chapter  itself.  Omega  was  simply  too  far  distant 
from  her  sister  chapters,  and  quite  naturally  she  developed  largely 
along  independent  lines. 

The  situation  was  brought  home  to  all  of  us  in  1915.  The 
Pacific  Coast  men  had  very  much  wished  to  entertain  a  national 
convention  in  conjunction  with  the  great  fair  at  San  Francisco. 
Snell  presented  the  matter  to  the  1912  convention: 

"If  all  the  other  fraternities  should  have  a  conven- 
tion (at  San  Francisco)  in  1915,  the  question  would  be 
raised,  what  is  the  matter  (with  us).  That  really  is  the 
situation.  The  suggestion  has  been  made  earlier  in  this 
meeting  that  we  have  a  get-together  meeting.  That  is 
not  what  we  want.  I  suggest  that  the  convention  be  made 
special,  and  that  special  legislation  be  enacted." 

It  was  therefore  voted  "that  a  special  convention  be  held  in  San 
Francisco  in  1915"  and  that  "this  convention  be  limited  to  such 
special  legislation  as  may  be  designated  at  the  1914  convention". 
The  1914  convention,  however,  side-stepped.  A  committee,  on 
which  were  Barrett  and  McLean,  was  appointed  "to  consider 
suggestions  for  discussion  at  the  special  convention  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  such  other  matters  as  may  be  of  interest  at  that  con- 
vention"; and  this  committee  reported  back  "...  that  Omega 
chapter  be  requested  to  arrange  a  program,  literary  and  social  in 
character,  to  follow  the  transaction  of  such  official  business  as 
shall  be  referred  to  the  convocation  by  the  17th  general  conven- 
tion". The  sum  total  of  that  official  business  was  the  final 
adoption  of  a  flag  actually  selected  at  Albany. 

The  fullest  publicity  was  given  to  the  Western  conclave. 
Eight  pages  of  future  material  appeared  in  the  Signets  of  that 
year.  Opportunities  for  a  special  car,  or  cars,  from  the  East  were 
widely  advertised.  But  the  mileage  was  too  great.  Not  a  single 
Eastern  chapter  sent  a  delegate.  Conley  and  Lowe  were  there  to 
represent  the  Council,  but  with  the  exception  of  the  local  alumni, 
almost  no  one  else  appeared.  The  Omega  men,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Rolla  Watt,  had  made  elaborate  preparations  to  entertain 
their  guests,  and  were  bitterly  disappointed  and  no  little  resentful 
over  the  issue.    Of  course,  whereas  the  final  fiasco  could  and  should 


134  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

have  been  avoided,  the  failure  itself  was  inevitable,  and  simply 
emphasized  what  some  of  the  wiser  ones  already  knew,  that  we 
could  not  hope  to  inhabit  the  land  at  a  single  bound.  The  frontier 
had  gotten  too  far  ahead  of  the  rest  of  the  settlements. 

In  the  fall  of  1910  the  newly  organized  Seattle  Club  was 
instrumental  in  having  presented,  to  the  Council  a  formal  and 
attractive  petition  from  a  society  called  Phi  Kappa  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Washington,  but  three  months  later,  apparently  because 
the  Council  indicated  so  little  interest,  it  was  withdrawn,  the 
society  ultimately  joining  another  prominent  national.  There 
had  been  already  some  disaffection  in  Omega,  and  the  Westerners 
still  feel  that  the  Council  was  all  too  conservative  in  handling  this 
petition  from  Washington. 

Within  six  months  of  the  induction  of  Omega  chapter,  the 
Council  had  received  informal  petitions  from  four  more  societies, 
three  in  the  Middle  West.  Two  of  these,  one  from  the  Argus  Club 
of  the  University  of  Illinois  and  the  other  from  the  F.  X.  L.  Club 
of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  were  sufficiently  attractive  to  be 
laid  upon  the  table  pending  further  investigation.  Both  were 
young  organizations,  the  former  having  been  founded  in  January 
and  the  second  in  September,  1908.  The  investigation  was  left 
with  Vogel  and  Mclntyre,  and  early  in  1910  Vogel  was  able  to  ^■isit 
the  petitioning  organizations.  As  it  happened,  not  long  before  he 
started,  the  Council  received  a  petition  from  Zeta  Sigma  Zeta  of 
the  Iowa  State  College,  and  it  directed  him  to  investigate  that 
also. 

Vogel  returned  to  New  York  with  a  highly  favorable  opinion 
of  all  three  of  these  Western  clubs,  and  on  February  26  the  Council 
sent  all  the  petitions  up  to  the  Court,  recommending  approval. 
The  first  two  passed  the  Court  without  serious  difficulty;  the  third 
was  held  up.  In  this  connection  there  arose  an  interesting  question 
of  prerogative.  The  Council  ventured  to  inquire  of  the  Court  upon 
what  grounds  it  had  disapproved  the  Zeta  Sigma  Zeta  petition.  To 
this  the  Court  replied,  in  part,  in  a  pronouncement  signed  b>-  Goff, 
recorder,  but  smacking  throughout  of  the  droll  wisdom  and  im- 
peccable English  of  Barrett: 

"Assuming  the  animus  of  the  above  comminiication 
is  a  sincere  desire  for  the  information  requested,  we  can- 
not but  consider  the  communication  as  unfortunate,  be- 
cause it  seeks  to  commit  the  Court  to  rigid  specifications 


Into  the  West  135 

as  to  the  circumstances  and  conditions  under  which  a 
charter  should  be  granted.  Up  to  the  present  time  it  has 
been  deemed  wise  to  permit  the  granting  of  charters  to 
rest  upon  the  decisions  of  the  Council  and  the  Court  after 
separate  consideration  of  each  application,  thus  confirm- 
ing both  to  the  spirit  and  the  letter  of  the  organic  law. 
Under  this  law  the  Court  as  fully  enjoys  the  privilege  of 
veto  as  does  the  Council  that  of  initiative." 

The  Council,  therefore,  proceeded  to  induct  the  chapters 
at  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  Munsell  and  Boehm  made  the  trip  in 
May.  At  Champaign  upon  the  8th,  with  the  assistance  of  Smyth, 
M  '02,  Sandy,  T  '07,  Brooks,  A  '01,  Barrett.  A  '05,  and  Hall, 
O  '08,  they  inducted  Alpha  Deuteron  in  the  club  house.  A  banquet 
was  held  in  Beardsley  Hotel.  The  dinner  lasted  until  after  mid- 
night, and  the  speech-making  until  nearly  daybreak.  Thereupon 
the  party  sallied  forth  to  serenade  the  other  societies,  and  were 
graciously,  if  sleepily,  received.  The  current  Daily  lUini  devoted 
a  front-page  double  column  to  the  induction,  and  printed  an 
editorial  beginning: 

"Welcome,    Phi   .Sigma   Kappa.      The   University  of 
Illinois  is  glad  and  proud  to  greet  you." 

There  were  thirty-two  charter  members  of  Alpha  Deuteron,  among 
them  being  David  C.  Patton,  later  to  father  the  Chicago  Club,  and 
Harold  W.  Stewart,  destined  as  a  guardian  angel  of  the  yet-unborn 
chapter  at  Wisconsin. 

From  Champaign  the  inductors  went  on  to  Minneapolis.  This 
was  on  the  12th.  Halley's  comet  was  due  the  18th,  and  one  of  the 
local  humorists  remarked,  "Well,  if  it  strikes  us,  we  shall  have 
been  inducted  anyway".  Philbrick,  A  '07,  assisted  the  Council 
men  in  the  initiation  of  the  twenty-three  Minnesota  men  into 
the  Brotherhood.  In  the  group  were  Edgar  B.  Rehnke,  who  had 
conducted  the  petition  correspondence,  and  three  faculty  members: 
Edward  Van  Dyke  Robinson,  Carlyle  M.  Scott,  and  Albert  E. 
Jenks. 

Gamma  introduced  the  question  of  Zeta  Sigma  Zeta  at  the 
1910  convention,  and  the  whole  situation  was  thoroughly  canvassed 
from  the  floor.  Incidentally  the  question  of  procedure  in  charter- 
grants  was  also  raised.  The  sense  of  the  convention  was  to  make 
no  change  in  the  method  then  in  use,  but  to  grant,  nevertheless,  a 


136  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

charter  to  Zeta  Sigma  Zeta.  At  the  next  meeting  of  the  Council, 
therefore,  a  recommendation  to  the  latter  efifect  was  sent  up  to 
the  Court.  Again  the  legislators  had  heard  from  the  people,  and 
the  desired  ratification  was  readily  obtained.  It  is  a  matter  of 
interest  to -note  in  passing  that  whereas  the  1910  convention  made 
a  slight  change  in  the  Court,  Hackett  and  Root  replacing  Worm 
and  Barnes,  the  Council  was  re-elected  to  a  man. 

Arthur  Roy  Simpson  has  written  entertainingly  of  the  charter- 
ing of  Gamma  Deuteron: 

"The  idea  had  been  an  accepted  one  with  us  from 
the  beginning  that  our  club  was  never  to  be  chartered  by 
any  national  fraternity  except  our  chosen  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa.  The  fraternity  was  an  Eastern  one,  firmly  en- 
trenched there  in  a  wealth  of  tradition,  and  to  many  of 
the  members  it  must  have  appeared  undignified  to  rush 
off  into  the  supposedly  raw  and  bucolic  ranges  for  the 
establishement  of  new  chapters.  At  any  rate  our  first 
petition  for  a  chapter  was  refused,  and  .  .  .  the  old 
fellows  who  guided  the  destinies  of  Zeta  Sigma  Zeta  in 
those  early  days  .  .  .  recognized  at  once  the  serious- 
ness of  the  crisis:  the  threatened  demoralization,  the 
breaking  down  of  house  discipline  and  morale  which 
comes  so  quickly  to  a  family  when  the  heart  is  gone  .  .  . 
If  our  organization  were  to  remain  alive  and  a  second 
petition  were  risked,  we  knew  it  must  not  fail  .  .  .  Much 
midnight  discussion  evolved  the  determination  to  petition 
again,  this  time  with  a  book,  attractive  enough  so  that 
any  one  receiving  it  could  hardly  help  reading  it  with 
interest  from  cover  to  cover  .  .  .  When  figures  became 
tangible  on  the  undertaking,  they  demonstrated  one 
thing,  at  least,  conclusively — this  would  be  our  last 
petition.  Every  man  concerned  mortgaged  his  eternal 
soul,  figuratively  speaking,  to  raise  the  money  for  the 
books.    For  better  or  for  worse  .  .  .  this  was  our  final  shot  .  . 

"It  was  Thursday  morning,  I  remember,  breakfast 
over,  and  all  of  us  hanging  around  the  living  room  more  or 
less  aimlessly.  Pete  was  fingering  over  the  old  worn-out 
music  on  the  piano,  and  remarking  that  we'd  have  to 
get  some  new  stuff  when  the  rest  of  the  gang  got  back  .  .  . 
It  was  all  mighty  lonesome  and  exceedingly  dull,  and  we 
were  feeling  as  though  it  would  be  a  relief  to  ha\"e  school 


Into  the  West  137 

commence  again.  Suddenly  the  telephone  rang,  and  Pete 
answered  it.  We  heard  him  say  'Great  God  A'mighty' 
under  his  breath,  and  then,  'Where  are  you  now?'  He 
came  in  white-lipped  and  teeth  fairly  chattering.  'Woodie', 
he  said,  'You  know  Jack  Davies,  don't  you?  Phi  Gam? 
Well  he  just  told  me  there  is  a  registered  letter  over  there 
for  us.     You  go  get  it,  boy;    I  don't  dare'. 

"The  post  office  was  only  a  ten  minute  walk  through 
the  campus,  but  we  have  never  ceased  to  believe  that 
Woodie  walked  all  the  way  to  town  to  get  that  letter. 
Certainly  it  seemed  a  lifetime  till  at  last  some  one  said, 
'Here  he  comes'.  And  the  suspense  was  broken.  I  say  the 
suspense  was  broken,  although  Woodie  was  still  a  block 
down  the  street,  just  passing  the  Phi  Gam  house,  and 
nothing  in  the  world  could  have  induced  him  to  raise 
hand  or  voice,  even  in  such  an  emergency.  But  being 
Woodie,  he  didn't  need  to  do  either.  There  he 
came,  straight  down  the  middle  of  the  walk,  shoulders 
back  and  head  way  up,  eyes  straight  ahead,  with  a 
dignity  that  would  become  a  grand  duke;  but  O  Boy!  the 
light  in  his  eyes,  the  swing  of  his  shoulders,  the  spring  of 
his  step!  For  a  moment  we  stood  there  speechless, 
watching  Victory  come  marching  down  the  street,  and 
then  pandemonium  broke  loose." 

Munsell  and  McLean  went  out  to  induct  the  new  chapter  at 
Towa,  and  picked  up  over  a  dozen  enthusiastic  assistants  en  route. 
The  induction  took  place  April  13,  1911,  at  the  society  house, 
and  was  followed  by  a  banquet  at  Hotel  Holtz  in  Boone.  The 
hall  was  lavishly  decorated  and  bowered,  and  an  invisible  orchestra 
played  while  the  twelve  courses  were  being  served.  Afterwards 
there  was  the  customary  speaking.  Paul  E.  Miller,  who  had 
handled  the  correspondence  of  the  petition,  responded  to  the 
toast  "To-day",  and  it  is  recorded  that  Munsell's  words  made  a 
particularly  deep  impression  upon  his  hearers.  Let  it  be  here 
attested  that  the  inductions  which  Bert  Munsell  had  in  charge 
were  most  meticulously  and  impressively  done. 

The  Baltimore  convention  in  1912  marked  a  radical  de- 
parture in  the  method  of  charter-grants.  Again  the  subject  was 
introduced  by  Gamma,  who  presented  a  recommendation  that  the 
constitution  be  so  amended  that  the  grants  be  dependent  upon 
the  favorable  vote  of  not  only  the  Council  and  the  Court  but  of 


138  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

two-thirds  of  the  chapters  as  well.  This  recommendation  was 
promptly  amended,  changing  the  "two-thirds"  to  "three-fourths", 
and  the  question  was  thrown  open  to  discussion.  The  effect  of 
this  amendment  would  be  to  retard  charter  grants.  Four  years 
before  the  active  chapters  were  chafing  under  a  policy  which  they 
termed  reactionary;  now  they  were  fearful  that  their  leaders  might 
prove  too  rash.  It  was  simply  an  echo  from  1910  and  the  dis- 
agreement as  to  Gamma  Deuteron.  The  retiring  Council  had 
surely  been  deliberate  enough;  it  had  granted  the  one  charter 
recommended  by  the  previous  convention  and  had  to  all  intents 
and  purposes  denied  petitions  to  well-established  clubs  in  the 
universities  of  Washington,  Michigan,  Syracuse  and  Tulane. 

It  is  perhaps  not  surprising  that  Mclntyre,  the  first  speaker, 
just  elected  to  the  presidency  by  a  practically  unanimous  vote 
and  thus  representing  the  retiring  Council  and  the  Council  elect, 
should  have  heartily  favored  the  change.  Barrett  opposed  it, 
however,  largely  on  the  ground  that  chapters  having  voted  in  an 
ineffectual  minority  on  charter  grants  would  experience  and  cause 
unfortunate  embarrassment  in  their  subsequent  relations  with  the 
new  chapter.  Alvin  T.  Burrows,  later  to  be  the  West's  first  member 
of  the  Council,  also  opposed  it,  believing  that  the  chapters  could 
not  be  adequately  informed  to  vote  intelligently. 

At  this  point  Vogel  resigned  the  chair  and  took  the  floor. 
He  recognized  the  objections  raised  by  Barrett  and  Burrows  and 
moved  to  amend,  to  the  effect  that  the  grant  must  be  ratified  not 
by  the  chapters,  but  by  the  general  convention.  Provision  was 
later  made  by  which  the  chapters  in  this  instance  might  be  reason- 
ably well  informed.  Among  those  to  favor  this  amendment  was 
Root  of  the  Court,  and  among  those  to  oppose  was  Boehm,  who 
presented  the  classic  objection  that  a  live  group  of  petitioners 
might  be  unwilling  to  wait  two  years  for  a  decision.  The  con- 
vention, however,  adopted  the  proposition  and  voted  to  refer  it 
to  the  chapters  and  clubs. 

In  this  connection  Mclntyre  and  Vogel  raised  a  question  as 
to  the  prerogative  of  the  clubs  in  constitutional  amendment. 
Mclntyre  said:  "I  have  several  clubs  on  my  list  w^hich  are  prac- 
tically dead,  and  I  should  like  to  know  whether  this  convention 
desires  to  have  these  clubs  vote  upon  amendments".  Thereupon 
Barrett  moved  "that  any  club  who  for  a  term  of  two  years  has 
failed  to  file  with  the  secretary  of  the  Fraternity  a  report  as  directed 
in   the  constitution,   be  considered  as  non-existing  so  far  as   the 


Into  the  West  139 

privileges  granted  said  club  under  the  constitution  be  concerned". 
And  the  motion,  after  going  through  a  special  committee,  was  finally 
adopted  practically  in  Barrett's  words. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  at  Chicago,  eight  years  later, 
the  New  England  chapters  raised  the  whole  question  of  charter 
grants  again,  in  a  recommendation  almost  identical  with  the  one 
submitted  by  Gamma  in  1912.  The  cause  of  disaffection  was  now, 
however,  diametrically  the  opposite  of  that  in  1912;  the  Council 
was  felt  again,  as  indeed  in  1908,  to  be  too  deliberate  and  too 
slow.  Boehm's  1912  argument  was  everywhere  upon  the  lips  of 
the  younger  men,  and  Burrows,  who  had  opposed  the  amendment 
in  1912,  was  now  in  favor  of  it  too,  as  being  a  more  flexible  pro- 
cedure than  the  one  in  use.  Mclntyre,  however,  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  proposed  change  would  deprive  the  members 
of  the  Grand  Chapter  of  their  vote  on  charter  grants,  and  there 
were  enough  of  them  present  to  defeat  the  amendment.  At  this 
time,  moreover,  the  alumni  clubs  were  constitutionally  denied  the 
right  to  vote,  thus  consummating  the  movement  initiated  by 
Barrett's  suggestion  in  1912. 

At  the  convention  of  1914  the  Council  recommended,  in 
accordance  with  the  amended  constitution,  the  granting  of  a  charter 
to  the  Pylon  Club  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  McLean, 
secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  laid  the  matter  before  the  assembly. 
The  Pylon  Club  dated  back  six  years,  having  started  as  an  organi- 
zation in  the  Baptist  Guild  but  broadening  its  scope  to  that  of  a 
general  fraternity  as  it  had  developed.  W.  George  Kerr,  whose 
home  was  in  Cleveland,  had  taken  up  the  question  of  a  petition 
with  Charles  Sumner  Howe,  president  of  the  Case  School  of 
Applied  Science,  and  received  from  him  encouragement  to  approach 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  McLean  emphasized  the  fact  that  the  Council 
had  moved  with  the  utmost  deliberation  in  regard  to  this  petition, 
and  read  correspondence  covering  several  months  prior  to  the  formal 
petition.  Among  the  many  letters  of  recommendation  was  one 
from  Karl  Stellwagen,  O  '10,  who  had  made  a  personal  investigation 
for  the  Council.  Without  discussion  the  convention  voted  that 
the  charter  should  be  granted  and  directed  the  Council  to  proceed 
with  the  induction. 

The  ceremony  took  place  in  Ann  Arbor,  February  27  and  28, 
1915.  Boehm  was  in  charge;  Mclntyre  was  also  present,  and 
there  was  an  induction  team  of  nearly  a  dozen  men,  one  of  whom 
was  Arnold  C.  Otto,  later  to  be  inductor  on  the  Council.     With 


140 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


THE    WISCONSIN    HOUSE 
(Purchnsed   1911) 


Into  the  West  141 

the  active  Pylon  chapter  thirteen  alumni  were  also  made  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa.  Mclntyre  presided  at  a  banquet  given  at  Mack's  Tea 
Rooms,  and  Boehm  and  Kerr  made  the  principal  responses.  Thus 
Pylon  became  Delta  Deuteron,  our  fifth  chapter  in  the  West. 

In  1916,  at  the  Worcester  convention,  the  Council  and  Court 
recommended  two  charters:  one  to  Sigma  Alpha  at  the  University 
of  Nevada,  and  the  other  to  Kappa  Phi  Gamma  at  the  University 
of  Wisconsin.  Lowe,  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  told  the 
convention  that  he  held  in  his  hand  petitions  from  Washington, 
Dennison,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Missouri,  Bowdoin,  Cincinnati, 
Northwestern,  and  Armour,  and  that  the  Council  had  considered 
all  of  these  petitions  sanely  and  carefully.  President  Conley  had 
himself  visited  Wisconsin,  Northwestern,  Pittsburgh  and  Armour 
in  the  interests  of  expansion.  There  was  a  strong  demand  for 
more  chapters  in  the  West.  Omega  in  particular  must  be  rescued 
from  her  isolation  on  the  Coast.  The  recommendations  of  the 
Council  and  Court  represented  what  seemed  to  be  the  best  oppor- 
tunities for  immediate  extension  of  territory. 

We  have  seen  how  Omega  and  Gamma  Deuteron  had  success- 
fully appealed  from  the  adverse  decision  of  Council  and  Court 
to  the  chapters  themselves  by  means  of  elaborate  formal  petitions. 
Now  that  the  chapters  had  acquired  so  important  a  part  in  the 
ratification,  some  such  publicity  was  obviously  essential  to  the 
success  of  every  petition.  The  Nevada  and  Wisconsin  clubs  had 
therefore  presented  themselves  in  this  same  way  to  the  chapters, 
and  the  delegates  came  to  the  convention  prepared  to  vote  on  the 
charters. 

Both  petitions  were,  in  both  fact  and  form,  attractive.  Kappa 
Phi  Gamma  had  been  running  as  a  local  for  ten  years,  owned  its 
home,  and  had  a  strong  group  of  alumni.  It  offered  the  most 
cordial  testimonials  from  the  president  of  the  University  and  the 
dean  of  men.  Its  active  roll  included  a  varsity  football  man,  a 
varsity  track  man,  and  two  varsity  baseball  players.  Professor 
Stewart,  a  charter  member  of  Alpha  Deuteron,  was  very  much 
interested  in  the  petition.  Sigma  Alpha  had  a  local  history  of 
over  twenty  years  and  a  total  of  one  hundred  fifty-seven  members, 
one  of  whom  was  the  present  governor  of  the  state.  Its  petition 
was  endorsed  by  the  president  of  the  University,  both  United 
States  senators  from  Nevada,  the  chief  justice  of  the  state,  an  ex- 
governor,  and  others.  One  of  its  active  members  was  an  Omega 
pledge  and  had  a  brother  in  that  chapter.     Hugh  F.  Dormody  and 


142 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


Lewis  R.  Byington  had  paid  it  a  visit  from  Berkeley,  and  some  of 
its  athletes  had  been  entertained  by  Omega.  One  is  tempted  to 
ponder  upon  the  effect  such  a  petition  as  either  of  these  would 
have  had  upon  the  stormy,  little  Albany  convention  of  1891. 

There  was  no  substantial  vote  against  either  of  these  charter 
grants.  The  induction  of  Zeta  Deuteron  at  Wisconsin  took  place 
January  12  and  13,  1917.  Burrows  was  in  charge.  The  induction 
team  was  composed  of  nineteen  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  representing 
six  chapters,  among  them  being  Otto  again,  and  Charles  H.  Ruedi, 
a  senior  at  Illinois  upon  whom  the  national  officers  were  already 
coming  more  and  more  to  rely.  Thirty-two  active  members  and 
alumni  were  initiated,  and  a  banquet  was  held  at  the  Madison  Club, 
with  Gustaf  H.  Lindberg  at  the  head  of  the  table. 


i^^  WARSHIPS  RUSH  TO  TRAP  U-57 


E  WORKER 


cm 


OFFICF.RS  AND  DELEGATES  OF  THE  PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA  AT  WORCESTER  I 


I.  S.  SHIPS 


Ui-l.  ■:  -V'Pi" .  M'  "js:!!  i^'iiiS 


THE    NEWS    OF    THE    DAY 


The  induction  at  Reno  occurred  March  4  and  5,  Conley  going 
out  from  New  York  to  preside.  An  induction  team  including 
Byington,  Snell  and  seven  others  went  over  from  Berkeley  to  give 
the  degrees.  Thirty-nine  men  took  the  final  obligation,  and  Eta 
Deuteron  entertained  with  an  all-University  dance  one  evening, 
and  a  banquet  at  the  Golden  Grill  the  other.  Other  fraternities 
on  the  campus  presented  substantial  gifts  expressive  of  their 
regard  and  good  will. 

In  mentioning  these  inductions  we  have  slipped  over  into 
1917  and  beyond  the  limits  set  in  designating  this  period.  Let 
us  return  for  another  peep  at  the  Worcester  convention. 


Into  the  West 


143 


ROOT,    BARRETT    AND    THOMPSON    AT    WORCESTER 


At  Worcester,  for  the  first  time,  Western  interests  were 
asserted  and  recognized.  There  were  present  a  dozen  or  so  members 
of  Western  chapters,  representing  more  than  a  dozen  votes,  enough 
to  make  a  considerable  bloc  in  the  assembly  and  certainly  one  not 
to  be  lightly  ignored.  These  Western  delegates  had  come  East 
with  two  definite  objectives:  first,  to  elect  a  Westerner  to  the 
Council,  and  second,  to  bring  the  next  convention  to  Chicago. 
They  succeeded  in  gaining  both. 

The  man  whom  they  had  picked  for  the  Council  was  "Chappie" 
Burrows,  a  Lambda  man  who  was  making  a  real  success  of  a 
newspaper.  The  Daily  Courier  of  Urbana,  and  acting  as  big  brother 
to  the  Illinois  chapter  as  a  hobby.  He  was  known  nationally, 
and  was  present  at  the  Worcester  convention.  He  was  aggressive 
and  genial  and  likable, — Western  in  every  good  sense  of  the  word. 
The  Western  delegates  talked  up  Burrows  in  the  lobby,  and  the 
brothers  left  at  home  boosted  him  by  telegram.  The  nominating 
committee  placed  him  on  their  ticket  as  vice-president,  and  there 
was  no  opposition  from  the  floor.     The  vote  was  unanimous. 

Not  so  regarding  the  next  convention!  Besides  the  Chicago 
invitation  there  was  one  from  Pittsburgh  and  another  from  New 
York.  Between  the  one  from  Chicago  and  that  from  New  York 
there  developed  a  spirited  contest.  Daniel  F.  McMahon,  auditor 
of  the  Grand  Chapter,  was  a  born  lobbyist,  had  personally  advanced 
a  considerable  sum  of  money  to  Theta,  his  own  chapter,  to  enable 


144  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

it  to  meet  its  Grand  Chapter  obligations  and  thus  regain  its  right 
of  suffrage ;  and  he  had  promised  the  New  York  men  that  he  would 
bring  the  convention,  after  a  lapse  of  twenty  years,  back  once  more 
to  the  great  metropolis.  Thus  it  was  something  of  a  personal  matter 
with  him,  and  he  made  a  strong  fight  for  New  York.  But  the 
spirit  of  things  Western  was  in  the'  air,  and  when  the  votes  were 
counted,  Chicago  was  found  to  have  won  by  a  safe  ratio  of  three 
to  two.  Dr.  Root  voiced  the  feelings  of  almost  everybody  as  he 
spoke  with  florid  enthusiasm  of  "the  broad  prairies  and  the  broad 
ideas",  and  pledged  the  convention  that,  health  permitting,  he 
himself  would  be  present  at  Chicago. 

The  Worcester  convention,  then,  marks  the  consummated  and 
accepted  establishment  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  in  the  West.  New 
chapters  might  be  added  there  indefinitely,  would  probably  be 
added  from  the  West  rather  than  from  the  East,  but  the  move- 
ment of  occupation  was  now  efifected.  The  eight  years  from  1908 
to  1916  are  primarily  significant  because  of  the  systematic  coloni- 
zation in  the  Western  states,  and  the  essential  education  and 
readjustment  which  accompanied  it.  At  the  Worcester  convention 
the  Fraternity  looked  upon  what  had  been  accomplished,  and 
saw  that  it  was  good. 


CHAPTER  TEN 

The  Administration  Within  (1908-1916) 

If  the  outstanding  feature  of  the  period  from  1908  to  1916 
is  probably  the  extension  into  the  West  as  described  in  chapter 
nine,  there  was  nevertheless  a  very  important  constructive  develop- 
ment within  the  Order.  It  may  roughly  be  summarized  as  a  further 
application  of  business  methods  to  fraternity  administration.  It 
does  not,  perhaps,  lend  itself  to  picturesque  embellishment  in 
historical  narrative,  but  its  importance  must  not  be  underestimated 
on  that  account. 

Some  mention  may  well  be  made  of  the  leadership  to  be 
found  in  the  councils  during  this  period.  It  has  already  been  said 
that  the  Council  of  1908-1910  was  a  conspicuously  good  one  and 
was  re-elected  to  a  man  for  a  second  term.  This  council  held 
thirteen  meetings  during  its  first  term,  and  eleven  during  its 
second. 

Vogel  seems  not  to  have  desired  re-election  to  the  presidency 
in  1908.  He  felt  that  he  had  already  contributed  about  all  he  had 
to  offer  in  the  way  of  constructive  policy,  and  his  tenure  in  ofifice 
had  not  been  wholly  pleasant.  As  an  executive  he  was  not  gener- 
ally popular.  The  undergraduates  felt  that  he  was  too  dictatorial 
in  his  methods,  and  many  of  the  chapters  came  to  feel  that  he  was 
reactionary  in  the  matter  of  expansion.  Twice,  in  1906  and  1910, 
they  ran  Hackett  against  him  for  president,  the  New  Haven  man 
apparently  allowing  his  name  to  be  used  largely  as  a  protest  against 
"schoolmaster  tactics".  But  Vogel  was  not  allowed  to  withdraw. 
The  undergraduates,  naturally  enough,  did  not  appreciate  his 
business  adminstration,  but  the  leaders  did.  Vogel  as  president, 
was  faithful,  calm  and  just;  he  was  wise  and  urbane;  and  he  was 
never  an  opportunist.  For  twenty-seven  consecutive  years  he  has 
held  ofifice  in  this  Fraternity,  and  his  service  must  not  be  discounted 
because  it  has  never  been  sensational. 

His  right-hand  man  was  Mclntyre.  For  two  terms  during 
this  period  he  was  secretary,  then  the  unanimous  choice  for  president 
and  then  at  his  own  wish  he  was  retired  to  the  Court,  from  which 

145 


146  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

elevation  he  has  ever  since  continued  to  exert  a  powerful  steadying 
influence  upon  the  government  of  the  Order.  To  Mclntyre  more 
than  to  any  other  one  man  the  development  of  this  period  is  due. 
The  Big  Four  in  our  growth  as  a  national  order  have  been  Barrett, 
Cutter,  Vogel  and  Mclntyre. 

The  vice-president  in  1908  was  Boehm,  who  had  been  chair- 
man of  the  convention  committee  and  was  Lancaster's  fa\'orite 
son.  He  was  a  man  of  great  personal  charm  and  a  most  felicitous 
after-dinner  speaker.  Being  at  this  time  a  minister  by  profession, 
his  time  was  somewhat  at  his  own  disposal,  and  he  did  much  road 
work  for  the  Fraternity.  His  editorship  of  The  Signet  will  be  touched 
upon  in  this  chapter.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Council  throughout 
this  period. 

Then  there  was  McLean,  treasurer  for  four  years  and  secretary 
for  two.  His  work  in  these  offices  was  not  progressive  but  seems 
to  have  been  consistently  efificient ;  certainly  he  became  much 
liked  and  widely  respected  in  the  Order.  In  1912  Mclntyre  de- 
clared that  under  no  circumstances  would  he  be  a  candidate  for 
re-election  to  the  presidency.  He  thought  of  the  office  largely  as 
a  recognition  of  good  work  done  in  posts  of  lesser  honor  and  as  an 
opportunity  to  impress,  for  a  little  while,  one's  ideas  and  ideals 
to  best  advantage.  And  so  he  believed  that  it  should  be  passed 
about  as  much  as  possible  among  the  brothers  qualified  to  hold  it. 
He  desired  to  set  a  precedent  in  favor  of  short  terms.  It  was  gener- 
ally assumed  that  McLean  should  be  his  successor.  However  the 
unexpected  happened.  The  convention  was  at  Albany,  and  Beta, 
with  over  forty  votes  on  the  floor,  initiated  a  drive  for  a  fa\'orite 
son,  and  the  Beta  dark  horse  won  the  election.  McLean  took  his 
beating  handsomely  enough,  but  it  marked  the  end  of  his  active 
participation  in  the  management  of  the  Fraternity  for  at  least  a 
decade. 

The  dark  horse,  by  the  way,  was  Dr.  Walter  H.  Conley, 
superintendent  of  the  Metropolitan  Hospital  of  New  York  City. 
The  reader  will  remember  having  met  him  at  the  x\lban\'  con- 
vention of  1891.  His  next  significant  appearance  was  in  1912 
when  he  attended  the  Baltimore  con\'ention  representing  the  New 
York  Club,  which  seems  never  to  have  been  wholly  pleased  with 
the  Vogel  regime.  Although  a  comparative  stranger,  he  was  an 
excellent  mixer  and  made  friends  quickly,  so  that  when  the  nom- 
inating committee  were  unable  to  agree  upon  a  candidate  for 
auditor,   someone  suggested,    "What's   the  matter  with   Walter?" 


The  Administration  Within  147 

It  was  thus  that  from  the  auditorship  he  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency, a  position  which  he  was  to  hold  for  the  rest  of  the  half- 
century.  It  might  be  said  at  this  point  that  he  became  much 
interested  in  the  Fraternity,  devoted  a  great  deal  of  time  to  it, 
and  has  made  a  very  good  executive. 

Returning  to  the  1908  Council,  mention  must  be  made  of 
Munsell.  Inductor  for  four  years  and  then  twice  elected  to  the 
Court,  taking  up  every  duty  with  a  rare  spirit  of  service,  working 
and  dreaming  for  the  Fraternity,  and  fighting,  much  of  the  time, 
a  mortal  disease  which  brought  to  a  sad  end  his  life  in  the  Order, 
he  was  honored  and  loved  by  all  who  knew  him. 

Exactly  as  he  had  straightened  out  the  financial  affairs  of 
the  Fraternity,  so  now  Mclntyre  undertook  to  systematize  the 
secretarial  records.  He  devoted  to  the  task  a  vast  amount  of 
time  during  the  summer  and  fall  of  1909.  Everything  was  gone 
over  very  carefully.  Many  letters  of  no  historical  value  were 
destroyed;  the  others  were  arranged  in  chapter  files.  An  en- 
velope index  of  all  the  members  of  the  Order  was  installed  up-to- 
date,  the  envelopes  containing  the  official  initiation  report  and  such 
other  personal  data  as  might  have  accumulated.  Quarterly  and 
installation  reports  were  filed  in  grip  binders  according  to  chapter 
and  date.  Circular  letters  were  similarly  filed.  All  Council 
correspondence  and  "what  few  minutes  of  the  Council  could  be 
found",  all  constitutional  revisions  and  rulings,  all  petitions,  all 
Court  correspondence  and  judicial  evidence  was  arranged  and  filed 
for  reference.  Minutes  of  the  fifteen  conventions  were  bound  in 
their  order.  A  triple  card  index  of  the  Brotherhood,  alphabetical, 
geographical  and  chronologically  in  chapters,  was  introduced  and 
brought  up-to-date.  Our  total  enrollment  was,  in  1910,  2829 
names,  and  one  can  readily  see  that,  although  the  third  of  the 
card  indexes  supplemented  rather  than  duplicated  the  envelope 
index  mentioned  above,  the  task  of  installation  was  still  very  great. 

How  much  drudgery  was  involved  in  all  this  reorganization 
only  those  who  have  experienced  something  similar  can  know. 
All  of  it,  however,  was  of  inestimable  value,  and  most  of  it  was 
permanent.  As  the  Fraternity  has  grown,  the  envelope  file  has 
been  discontinued,  and  The  Signet  mailing  list  has  superseded  the 
geographical  index.  Everything  else  has  been  preserved  and 
continued  as  Mclntyre  provided. 

At  the  1908  convention  the  question  of  a  publication  was 
raised  and  carefully  considered.    A  committee  of  five  recommended 


148 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


JAMES    A.    BOEHM 


The  Administration  Within  149 

a  quarterly  magazine,  to  be  edited  by  a  board  of  three  men  and 
supported  by  subscription  which  for  the  active  men  should  be 
obligatory.  William  W.  Heidelbaugh,  however,  submitted  a 
minority  recommendation  to  the  effect  that  the  magazine  should 
be  edited  by  a  single  salaried  officer,  distributed  among  all  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa,  and  supported  by  a  tax  on  the  undergraduates. 
"After  lengthy  discussion"  the  session  adjourned  without  action. 
The  subsequent  session  debated  the  question  still  further  and  also 
left  it  on  the  table.  A  later  motion  to  reopen  the  subject  was 
lost.  The  desire  of  the  convention  was,  however,  in  a  general 
way  at  least,  obvious. 

The  new  Council  decided  to  give  The  Signet  a  trial,  and  ap- 
pointed Boehm  editor.  For  the  present  the  magazine  was  to  be 
self-supporting  on  a  subscription  basis  of  one  dollar  a  year.  Boehm 
undertook  the  project  with  intelligence  and  interest  and  was  able 
to  report  to  the  next  convention  that  he  had  issued  seven  numbers 
of  The  Signet,  one  of  them  a  directory,  and  that  his  books  showed 
a  balance  of  four  dollars  in  the  treasury.  It  should  be  said  that 
these  early  numbers  were  substantial  magazines,  ranging  from 
thirty-two  to  fifty-two  pages  and  containing  sometimes  as  many 
as  a  dozen  illustrations.  Articles  were  contributed  by  Barrett, 
Cutter,  John  Adams  Lowe,  and  others.  Boehm  planned  to  feature 
each  of  the  chapters  in  turn,  and  three  such  issues  actually  appeared. 
Apparently  he  had  some  help  on  these,  for  the  Alpha  number  is 
recorded  as  having  been  delegated  to  McLean.  The  directory  was 
in  the  nature  of  a  pocket  handbook,  a  style  which  prevailed  through 
1912. 

Boehm  and  the  Council  had  a  right  to  be  pleased  with  and 
proud  of  The  Signet's  record  during  these  first  two  years.  They 
had  demonstrated  that  they  could  publish  a  high-class  magazine 
and  that  there  was  sufficient  demand  for  it  to  meet  the  bills.  But 
the  task  of  raising  the  funds  by  subscription  was  both  laborious 
and  distasteful,  and  they  sought  about  for  other  means.  It  was 
Mclntyre's  suggestion  that  the  grand  chapter  tax  be  increased 
five  dollars,  the  added  sum  to  be  used  in  editing  The  Signet.  The 
Council  therefore  submitted  this  in  the  form  of  recommendation 
to  the  1910  convention,  and  after  some  discussion  it  was  carried, 
apparently  without  opposition,  to  go  into  effect,  the  chapters  and 
clubs  having  concurred,  August  1,  1911.  Well  might  Boehm  ex- 
claim editorially,  "There  is  joy  in  the  office  of  The  Signet.  The 
era  of  coin-cards  is  drawing  to  a  close". 


150  Phi  Sk;ma  Kappa 

The  following  June  Boehm  published  for  the  first  time  the 
verbatim  correspondence  from  the  chapters  which  is  commonly 
known  in  the  Greek  press  as  the  chapter  letter.  This  feature 
absorbed  thirty  pages  in  itself,  and  the  whole  magazine  ran  up 
to  seventy.  Mclntyre  for  one  was  opposed  to  this  development. 
His  idea  of  The  Signet  was  a  thirty-two  page  booklet  every  page 
of  which  should  be  of  interest  to  every  alumnus.  Thus  it  would  be 
unique  and  a  universal  bond  in  the  Grand  Chapter.  Moreover 
the  June  number  depleted  the  treasury,  with  the  result  :hat  the 
Council  had  to  limit  the  September  one  to  .1i;200.  This  issue, 
when  it  came  out,  had  been  edited  by  Munsell  with  the  assistance 
of  Lowe.  Things  were  beginning  to  drag  a  little,  and  on  October 
14,  1911  the  Council  created  a  board  of  editors  as  follows: 

Boehm,  editor-in-chief, 
McLean,  college  news  editor, 
Munsell,  alumni  editor, 
Mclntyre,  statistical  editor. 

This  arrangement  worked  fairly  well  for  the  next  two  issues, 
and  the  third  was  another  directory  published  by  Mclntyre  as 
secretary.  But  again  the  funds  had  been  over-appropriated,  and 
the  next  number  was  simply  a  folder  announcing  the  Baltimore 
convention.  Boehm  had  done  an  important  piece  of  work.  He 
had  gotten  out  fifteen  editions  of  the  magazine,  some  of  them 
remarkably  good  ones,  and  for  part  of  the  time  had  been  his  own 
business  manager  and  collected  subscriptions.  He  had  determined 
in  a  general  way  what  The  Signet  should  be  like  for  the  rest  of  the 
half-century.  He  had  converted  it  from  a  luxury  into  a  necessity. 
But  it  had  been  wholly  a  labor  of  love,  and  now  he  was  ready  to 
pass  the  reins  over  to  someone  else. 

As  it  would  happen,  a  successor  was  ready  at  hand.  The 
Williams  men  had  picked  him  from  among  their  founders,  and  R. 
Rossman  Lawrence  attended  the  Baltimore  convention  tor  the 
sole  purpose  of  securing  his  appointment.  Without  question,  in 
view  of  material  already  contributed  by  him  to  The  Signet,  the 
leaders  had  also  had  him  in  mind.  Therefore  at  the  first  meeting 
of  the  new  Council  the  editor  of  our  quarterly  was  designated 
as  John  Adams  Lowe  of  Chi.  He  was  pre-eminently  fitted  for  the 
position.  As  librarian  of  Williams  he  had  continued  in  intimate 
touch  with  the  chapter  there.  Both  his  talent  and  his  sympathies 
were  great.     And  he  brought  with  his  rare  experience  a  genuine 


The  Administration  Within 


151 


JOHN    ADAMS   LOWE 


152  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

and  idealistic  enthusiasm  for  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  Although  Boehm 
and  Conley  were  for  a  little  designated  associate  editors,  it  was 
from  the  first  a  one-man  board.  McLean,  however,  as  secretary, 
was  business  manager  and  as  such  had  charge  of  the  mailing  list 
and  published  one  directory. 

Lowe  edited  six  numbers  of  The  Signet,  not  including  the 
directory,  which,  by  the  way,  was  now  made  uniform  with  the 
magazine  numbers.  He  gave  to  these  six  issues  a  concern  for 
mechanical  detail  which  made  them  more  nearly  perfect  in  this 
respect  than  any  others  of  the  half-century.  He  gave  to  them, 
further,  an  interfraternity  cast,  introducing  an  exchange  depart- 
ment and  giving  in  all  nearly  forty  pages  to  a  consideration  of  the 
Greek  world  in  general.  He  introduced  a  department  entitled 
Prominent  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  and  presented  therein  fifteen  eminent 
men  of  the  Order.  He  coined  that  rarely  felicitous  phrase  The 
Chapter  Invisible.  He  developed  the  editorial  page,  and  his  con- 
tributions thereto  were  marked  by  a  dignity  of  restraint,  an  accur- 
acy of  judgment,  a  certitude  of  conviction,  and  a  beauty  of  literary 
style  which  attracted  the  attention  of  other  Greek  editors,  who 
began  to  quote  The  Signet  generously  in  their  own  magazines. 
If  it  was  Boehm  who  gave  to  The  Signet  being,  it  was  Lowe  who 
gave  to  it  character. 

Lowe's  resignation  in  the  spring  of  191-1:  was  accepted  by  the 
Council  only  with  the  greatest  reluctance.  Mclntyre  declared 
that  it  meant  the  loss  of  "the  greatest  asset  of  the  Fraternity". 
The  retiring  editor  was  prepared,  however,  to  provide  a  successor, 
Frank  Prentice  Rand,  and  upon  him  the  editorial  mantle  was  duly 
cast.  Lowe,  elected  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter  the  following 
winter,  remained  for  two  years  a  nominal  associate  editor,  and 
also  performed  the  laborious  and  thankless  task  of  publishing 
another  directory. 

At  the  Founders'  Day  banquet  in  New  York,  1913,  Lowe  had 
summarized  his  editorial  policy  and  ideal.  He  said  that  Tlie  Signet 
"would  prove  itself  a  factor  in  the  betterment  of  the  life  of  the 
Fraternity;  it  would  strive  to  set  forth  principles  helpful  for  the 
chapters;  it  would  serve  as  one  of  the  forces  in  keeping  the  alumnus 
in  touch  with  his  Fraternity  and  its  ideals".  It  was  not  to  be  a 
newspaper;  it  was  to  be  a  magazine.  Lowe,  however,  followed 
the  prevailing  practice,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  issue, 
printed  the  chapter  letters.  These  were  stereotyped  and  bombastic, 
and  in  some  issues  took  up  three-fourths  of  the  whole  magazine. 


The  Administration  Within  153 

In  his  maiden  number  the  new  editor  raised  the  issue  squarely. 
Three  weeks  before  he  had  attended  a  banquet  of  Greek  editors  in 
New  York  and  had  heard  them,  almost  without  exception,  deplore 
the  existence  of  the  chapter  letter  but  confess  that  they  did  not 
dare  to  tak&  the  radical  step  of  its  abolition.  That  decided  him. 
The  Signet  was  dependent  upon  no  subscription  list.  Moreover 
there  had  already  appeared  The  Watchivord  of  Alpha  Denteron, 
Chi  News,  The  Tau  Tattler,  Alpha  Bits,  and  Phi  Loso  Phi.  He 
believed  that  such  chapter  publications,  properly  encouraged, 
would  soon  come  to  take  care  of  the  more  trivial  chapter  and 
alumni  news  for  the  circle  of  readers  really  interested,  thus  allow- 
ing The  Signet  to  devote  itself  to  matter  of  broader  appeal  and 
to  be  in  large  measure  an  organ  of  opinion.  It  might  also  be  kept 
sufficiently  small  so  that  it  could  be  supported  indefinitely  from 
the  general  funds  and  still  be  sent  to  every  member  of  the  Frater- 
nity. With  this  in  mind  he  began  to  feature  undergraduate  news 
in  the  form  of  all-Phi  Sigma  Kappa  athletic  teams  and  outstanding 
personal  stories;  and  in  his  third  issue  he  eliminated  the  chapter 
letter  for  once  and  all. 

Otherwise  his  policy  was  conservative  and  followed,  for  the 
most  part,  the  lines  laid  down  by  his  predecessor.  The  magazine 
did,  however,  become  much  less  interfraternity  in  character,  the 
exchange  department  being  rather  soon  condensed  into  a  single 
page  entitled  Press  Proverbs.  Considerable  was  made,  too,  of  brief 
introductions  called  forewords,  and  among  the  distinguished  men 
to  speak  to  the  Fraternity  through  this  agency  were  two  presidents 
of  the  United  States:  Mr.  Taft  and  Mr.  Harding.  The  result  of 
the  policy  thus  outlined  was  that  The  Signet,  while  remaining  the 
smallest  of  Greek  magazines,  still  had  a  very  large  circulation  with- 
in the  Brotherhood,  and  came  to  be  much  respected  and  quoted 
without. 

In  January  1909  the  Council,  at  the  suggestion  of  Vogel, 
voted  that  the  secretary  should  receive  an  annual  honorarium  of 
S250,  and  the  1910  convention  took  occasion  to  express  appro\'al 
of  this  action,  instructing  the  Council  to  increase  that  amount 
as  it  might  see  fit.  At  the  1916  convention,  following  the  recom- 
mendation of  Alpha  Chapter  but  particularly  that  of  Lawrence, 
treasurer,  it  was  voted  to  recommend  to  the  Council  the  provision 
of  an  honorarium  for  the  editor  of  The  Signet  as  well.  The  amount 
suggested   in   floor  discussion   was  $150,   and   this  sum   was  sub- 


154  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

sequently  so  appropriated.  Both  of  these  provisions  were  in  line 
of  progress  and  meant  that  the  Fraternity  administration  was 
gradually  being  put  upon  a  business  basis. 

Nothing  at  the  1916  convention  received  more  favorable 
comment  than  the  report  which  Lawrence  made  for  the  treasury. 
To  appreciate  this,  however,  it  is  necessary  to  go  back  again  to 
the  beginning  of  the  period. 

At  the  1908  convention  the  matter  of  badge  was  taken  up, 
and  a  committee,  Harry  A.  Eaton,  A  '97,  chairman,  reported  two 
recommendations  which  were  eventually  adopted:  first,  "that  the 
undergraduate  be  required  to  wear  the  pin  about  him  at  all  times"; 
and  second,  "that  the  official  pin  of  the  Fraternity  shall  be  a 
jeweled  Phi  of  crown  set  pearls  superimposed  upon  a  chased  gold 
Sigma  Kappa".  In  1910  it  was  further  voted  that  "members  of 
the  Council  may  wear  a  ruby  instead  of  a  pearl  as  the  middle  jewel 
of  the  Phi".  Without  question  this  was  intended  to  include  former 
as  well  as  active  Council  members  and  hence  all  members  of  the 
Court.  In  1914  Luke  Doyle,  E  '09,  who  had  served  on  the  1908 
committee,  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  our  badge  was  closely 
duplicated  by  that  of  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  and  a  committee,  Charles 
B.  Des  Jardins,  A  '13,  chairman,  was  appointed  to  look  into  the 
question  of  copyright.  This  committee  later  reported  as  its  final 
conclusion,  "that  there  is  no  way,  at  law  or  in  equity,  by  which 
we  can  put  a  stop  to  the  use  of  a  confusing  pin  by  another  frater- 
nity". It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  in  1921,  that  fraternity  was 
made  to  see  the  mutual  disadvantage,  to  acknowledge  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa's  priority  to  the  design,  and  to  agree  to  remodel  its  own 
badge. 

Doyle,  however,  made  another  and  more  important  recom- 
mendation which  was  passed  by  the  1914  convention:  namely, 
"that  hereafter  the  Council  shall  purchase  all  pins,  the  same  to  be 
sold  to  the  chapters  upon  their  requisition,  and  that  they  shall 
charge  the  chapters  the  price  which  the  brothers  are  now  paying 
for  pins,  putting  the  difference  either  into  the  fund  for  the  salary 
of  a  permanent  secretary  or  other  funds  that  the  Council  may 
select".  It  was  R.  Rossman  Lawrence,  treasurer-elect,  who  was 
to  put  this  into  effect. 

Lawrence  had  come  into  prominence  at  Albany  as  secretary- 
of  a  committee  on  the  desirability  of  a  uniform  chapter  accounting 
system.  This  committee  had  investigated  several  systems  then  in 
operation,   evolved   something  which   seemed   practicable  for   Phi 


The  Administration  Within  155 


E.    ROSSMAN   LAWRENCE 


156  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Sigma  Kappa,  and  Lawrence  had  actually  introduced  it  into  his 
own  chapter  at  Williams,  where  indeed  an  adaptation  of  it  is  still 
in  use.  The  committee,  however,  could  not  agree  to  recommend 
its  mandatory  adoption.  In  Lawrence's  words;  "the  Council  did 
not  have  funds  to  prepare  the  forms,  had  no  person  to  install  it 
in  the  chapters  and  get  it  started  there,  and  had  no  one  to  give  it 
supervision  even  if  properly  installed".  Therefore,  although  the 
committee  was  continued  and  the  Council  authorized  to  inaugurate 
the  system  when  it  should  deem  it  wise,  nothing  has  ever  come  of  it. 

Lawrence,  however,  who  presented  the  report,  made  a  highly 
favorable  impression  upon  the  convention  and  was  elected  trea- 
surer. He  proceeded  at  once  to  devise  and  put  into  effect  a  system 
of  pin  ordering,  and  of  Grand  Chapter  tax  remittance  which  was 
both  simple  to  follow  and  accurate  in  cross-checking.  The  intro- 
duction of  this  system  marked  an  important  step  in  the  develop- 
ment of  administrative  efficiency.  It  meant  money.  Lawrence's 
report  to  the  1916  convention  caused  great  satisfaction. 

In  the  fall  of  1909  President  Faunce  of  Brown  took  upon  him- 
self to  call  together  in  New  York  City  representatives  of  the 
various  general  men's  fraternities  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  a 
pan-Hellenic  union  which  should  meet  at  regular  intervals  for  a 
frank  discussion  of  those  problems  which  fraternities  have  in 
common  and  for  the  promotion  of  such  informal  cooperation  as 
might  prove  possible.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  so-called 
Interfraternity  Conference,  which  has  met  annually  in  November 
ever  since  its  foundation  and  which  has  become  an  incalculable 
force  in  bringing  to  pass  a  genuine  interfraternity  comity  and  an 
organized  assertion  of  the  fraternity  ideal.  Vogel  and  Mclntyre 
attended  the  initial  meeting  of  this  highly  important  institution, 
and  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  has  been  a  member  from  its  inception.  By 
1922  it  has  a  membership  of  forty-eight  fraternities,  its  treasurer 
reports  debit  funds  to  the  amount  of  $7500,  and  its  conferences 
are  attended  by  college  presidents  and  deans  in  large  numbers. 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men  have  had  an  active  share  in  its  work,  Rand 
serving  on  two  banquet  committees,  Howe  being  chairman  of  an 
important  investigatory  committee  on  fraternity  scholarship,  and 
Conley  serving  twice  on  a  committee  on  health  and  hygiene  and 
rendering  important  service  in  1922,  as  a  member  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Conference. 

Of  course  the  Councils  were  not  free  from  chapter  difficulties 
during  this  period  from  1908  to  1916,  and  in  dealing  with  such  it 


The  Administration  Within  157 

saw  fit  to  do  violence  to  the  unbroken  chapter  roll.  For 
example,  both  Beta  and  Zeta  were  in  bad  shape  early  in  the 
period.  At  Albany  the  men  were  not  attending  chapter  meetings 
nor  paying  their  dues.  There  being  so  little  fraternity  life  at  the 
Medical  College  and  the  men  being  so  largely  professional  in  their 
interests,  the  Council  seriously  debated  transferring  the  chapter 
over  to  Schenectady  where  the  academic  department  of  Union 
was  located.  Zeta  had  reported  to  the  1908  convention  only  thir- 
teen members  and  seems  later  to  have  gotten  down  to  seven.  She 
had  no  permanent  headquarters  and  seemed  to  be  hopelessly 
anaemic.  On  June  5,  1909  the  Council  served  notice  on  both 
chapters  that  unless  there  should  be  a  decided  improvement,  they 
would  be  suspended. 

The  Theta  men  were  particularly  sensitive  on  the  subject  of 
Zeta.  The  Columbia  chapter  had  become  very  strong  of  late. 
In  fact  the  previous  fall  the  alumni  and  active  men  had  combined 
to  incorporate  a  house  association  and  had  purchased  for  $35,000 
the  residence  at  550  West  114  Street.  The  other  New  York  chapter 
was  a  fly  in  their  ointment,  and  at  three  successive  conventions 
they  sought  to  have  the  Zeta  charter  withdrawn.  In  1906,  as  we 
saw  in  chapter  eight,  they  came  within  one  vote  of  succeeding. 
In  1908  the  attempt  was  resumed  but  with  less  vigor.  And  in  1910 
they  simply  introduced  a  recommendation,  which,  after  some  little 
discussion,  they  withdrew.     Since  then  there  has  been  peace. 

Then  there  was  trouble  at  St.  John's.  The  story  may  well 
be  left  to  Amos  W.  Woodcock,  2  '03. 

"Up  to  1903  the  faculty  at  St.  John's  had  never 
tolerated  fraternities.  The  club  spirit  that  invariably 
exists  in  all  student  bodies  had  manifested  itself  mainly 
in  the  two  rival  literary  societies.  But  one  of  the  societies 
had  gained  an  almost  complete  ascendency  over  the 
other,  and  it  may  have  been  this  condition  which  induced 
the  faculty  to  approve  the  fraternity  proposal.  Sigma 
was  inducted  about  this  time — a  new  institution  in  an 
old  college,  a  brand  new  chapter  with  no  rivals.  Some 
good  St.  John's  men  of  that  day  held  aloof  and  believed 
that  the  fraternity  was  not  a  good  thing  for  the  cherished 
traditions  of  the  college. 

"It  must  be  remembered  that  St.  John's  is  a  college 
with  a  strict  military  department  superimposed  .   .   .  The 


158  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

student  body  is  not  larger  than  one  hundred  fifty.  Thus 
it  is  not  remarkable  that  the  chapter  just  about  exhausted 
the  supply  of  fraternity  material  .  .  .  The  dark  period 
in  Sigma's  history  began  in  1909,  with  the  fire  which 
destroyed  its  rooms  in  McDowell  Hall.  The  fire  was 
not  so  serious  a  blow,  but  one  of  those  curiously  factional 
fights  began  in  the  student  body,  principally  among  non- 
fraternity  men.  There  was  considerable  bitter  feeling 
and  a  climax  was  reached  with  the  application  of  one 
of  the  smaller  groups  to  be  recognized  by  the  faculty 
as  a  fraternity.  This  request  the  faculty  denied.  Then 
the  Board  of  Visitors  noticed  the  unrest  in  the  student 
body,  and  seeing  that  the  surface  cause  was  a  fraternity, 
determined  to  abolish  all  fraternities  or  anything  which 
resembled  one.  And  thus  Sigma  was  banished  for  causes 
for  which  it  was  not  to  blame." 

On  January  8,  1913  the  Board  of  Visitors  granted  a  hearing 
to  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  McLean  and  Morgan  attended  as  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Council,  and  John  T.  and  Evelyn  A.  Harrison 
as  delegates  of  the  chapter.  The  Council  men  were  entertained 
at  the  home  of  President  Fell,  who  was  himself  a  graduate  member 
of  Sigma.  At  the  hearing  McLean  carried  the  burden  of  protest 
and  so  convincingly  did  he  set  forth  the  merits  of  the  college  frater- 
nity that  the  Board  reversed  its  interdiction  to  the  extent  of  allow- 
ing Sigma  to  continue  as  an  upper-class  society. 

Meanwhile  conditions  at  Queen's  were  proving  more  dis- 
astrous. Rho  chapter  was  inducted,  it  will  be  recalled,  in  1903 
with  seventeen  initiates.  For  a  little  all  went  as  well  as  might 
have  been  hoped  for  in  view  of  the  general  antagonism  toward 
fraternities  on  the  part  not  only  of  the  faculty  but  also  of  the 
student  body.  The  winter  of  1903-190-1  found  ten  of  the  brothers 
living  together  in  a  furnished  house.  The  following  year,  howe\'er, 
they  had  to  content  themselves  with  special  privileges  in  a  public 
boarding  place.  The  next  year  membership  had  fallen  off,  and  all 
attempt  at  headquarters  was  abandoned.  In  the  fall  of  1900 
the  chapter  was  reduced  to  three  men,  but  these  three,  b\'  her- 
culean effort  it  would  seem,  succeeded  in  renting  a  house  and  in 
initiating  nine  men.  But  during  1907-1908  onh'  fi\'e  meetings 
were  held.  The  following  year  no  meeting  was  held  until  January  S, 
but  there  were  three  others  in  the  spring,  at  one  of  which  McDonald 
of  the  Council  was  present  and  some  plans  were  laid  for  a  fresh 
start. 


The  Administration  Within  159 

The  chapter  failed  to  send  a  delegate  to  either  the  1908  or  the 
1910  convention,  and  quarterly  reports  came  now  very  rarely.  So 
early  in  1911  Mclntyre  visited  Kingston  again,  and  found  the 
chapter  existing  practically  sub  rosa  and  conditions  generally  un- 
promising. Two  months  later  the  secretarial  minutes  cease  and 
correspondence  seems  also  to  have  come  to  an  end.  Accordingly 
in  March  1912  the  Council  sent  Boehm  to  Queen's  with  power  to 
act.  He  interviewed  the  six  undergraduate  and  three  faculty 
members  and  reported  back  to  the  Council : 

"Conditions  peculiar,  but  believes  that  if  the 
chapter  can  secure  a  house,  great  improvement  will  be 
shown.  Graduates  are  trying  to  work  out  this  proposition. 
Without  a  house  it  would  be  wise  for  the  charter  to  be 
surrendered." 

On  September  14,  1912  the  Council  notified  Rho  that  "unless  an 
effort  is  made  to  get  an  organization  effected  at  once,  the  Council 
will  recommend  to  the  16th  General  Convention  that  the  charter 
be  taken  from  Queen's  University".  Boehm  again  visited  Kingston 
November  9.  There  were  still  five  undergraduate  and  three  faculty 
members  at  the  University.  Boehm  held  a  meeting,  which  all  but 
one  attended,  and  all  agreed  that  under  prevailing  conditions  Rho 
could  not  live  at  Queen's.  Each  of  the  five  undergraduates  prepared 
a  written  statement  to  this  effect.  At  the  convention  a  few  days 
later  the  Council  recommended  the  revocation  of  the  charter,  and 
in  spite  of  Barrett's  plea  for  two  years  further  trial,  the  recom- 
mended action  was  taken.  Thus  came  to  an  end  our  altogether 
fatuous  attempt  to  colonize  in  Canada.  Barrett  remarked  that 
apparently  it  was  all  right  "to  be  national,  but  not  to  be  inter- 
national". 

Following  the  withdrawal  from  Queen's  came  the  dissolution 
of  Psi  at  Virginia.  At  the  beginning  of  1912  the  chapter  gave 
every  indication  of  robustness  and  health.  It  had  a  membership 
of  twenty,  which  seems  to  have  been  its  record  enrollment.  It 
was  comfortably  located  in  rented  apartments  and  taking  its  share 
of  college  honors.  It  was,  however,  carrying  a  debt  of  about  $450, 
largely  due  the  University  for  rent,  and  that  may  have  been  symp- 
tomatic. At  any  rate  by  the  end  of  the  year  the  membership  had 
dropped  to  eleven,  and  the  chapter  had  begun  to  crumble.  During 
1913  Morgan  visited  the  chapter  twice  and  did  what  he  could  to 
strengthen  the  morale.  The  undergraduates  felt  that  their  salvation 
lay  in  a  house  of  their  own,  and  there  was  much  agitation  of  the 


160  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

subject  during  the  winter  of  1913-1914,  but  with  their  outstanding 
debts  the  project  seemed  more  than  they  could  swing.  In  the 
minutes  under  date  of  May  6,  1914  may  be  found  this  note: 

"There  then  followed  a  discussion  concerning  the 
advisability  of  turning  in  the  charter.  It  was  moved 
and  seconded  that  the  charter  be  returned,  but  the 
motion  was  lost." 

With  the  report  of  a  meeting  the  following  week,  however,  all 
records  cease. 

The  whole  fraternity  situation  at  Virginia  was  at  this  time 
bad.  The  usual  abuses  had  crept  in  to  a  menacing  degree.  So 
serious  was  the  situation,  indeed,  that  on  January  13,  1915,  at  the 
request  of  the  president  of  the  University,  a  meeting  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Interfraternity  Conference  was  held 
to  consider  with  his  appointed  representative  what  ought  to  be 
done.  Not  long  after  this  Boehm  was  sent  to  Charlottesville  to 
study  conditions,  and  on  May  7,  1915  the  following  entry  was 
made  in  the  Council  minutes: 

"As  he  found  that  the  men  of  Psi  chapter  are  very 
indififerent  to  the  Fraternity  and  have  a  careless  dis- 
regard of  the  ritual  and  other  secret  work  of  the  Frater- 
nity, a  recommendation  was  offered  that  the  Supreme 
Court  be  requested  to  investigate  conditions  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  in  general  and  Psi  chapter  in  particular 
with  a  view  to  withdrawing  the  charter  of  the  chapter 
if  necessary." 

Little,  however,  was  done,  and  it  was  not  until  the  summer  of  191(5 
that  Morgan  again  visited  Charlottesville,  took  over  the  chapter 
books  and  documents,  and  recommended  the  withdrawal  of  the 
charter.  What  the  Council  actually  did,  however,  was  to  recom- 
mend to  the  1916  convention  th^t  "the  charter  and  record  books 
be  kept  in  the  custody  of  the  Council",  and  the  convention  apparent- 
ly took  no  action  at  all.  The  Grand  Chapter  displayed  no  great 
energy  in  dealing  with  the  situation  at  Virginia. 

In  general,  however,  the  chapters  were  steadily  becoming  more 
and  more  securely  entrenched  in  their  several  colleges.  Five 
besides  Theta  became  owners  of  their  homes  during  this  period. 
On  September  30,  1910  Pi  purchased  the  residence  of  Dr.  John  S. 
Stahr,  ex-president  of  Franklin  and  Marshall,  for  $9,000.     It  was 


The  Administration  Within  161 

located  two  squares  from  the  campus  and  had  a  good  bit  of  land. 
The  chapter  had  been  incorporated,  and  Boehm  elected  first 
president  of  the  association.  Funds  were  raised  by  subscription 
and  by  mortgage. 

This  same  year  Tau  purchased  a  home.  It  had  been  more  or 
less  customary  at  Dartmouth,  to  rent,  but  in  1909  four  societies 
suddenly  bought,  and  the  race  was  on.  Therefore  when  "the 
Campbell  place"  was  rumored  for  sale,  the  chapter  investigated, 
found  a  suitable  house  and  barn  located  on  a  two  and  one-half 
acre  lot  which  included  "a  depression  which  can  be  dammed,  filled 
with  water  and  made  into  a  trout-pond",  and  on  March  25,  1910 
voted  to  buy,  raising  $100  to  clinch  the  deal.  The  chapter  was 
incorporated  on  May  11,  the  necessary  funds,  apparently  about 
$12,000,  were  raised,  and  there  was  an  issue  of  four  per  cent  bonds. 
Professor  William  Patten,  an  honorary  member  of  Tau,  gave  to 
the  project  the  most  scrupulous  supervision  and  became  the  first 
president  of  the  Tau  Association.  The  men  were  delighted  with 
their  new  home;  it  is,  nevertheless,  a  characteristic  footnote  in 
fraternity  history,  that  as  this  book  goes  to  press,  a  drive  is  already 
under  way  looking  toward  the  erection  of  a  new  building  upon 
the  present  site. 

In  the  spring  of  1911,  after  two  seasons  of  growing  pains,  the 
active  chapter  at  Williams  persuaded  the  alumni  that  they  must 
immediately  own  their  home,  and  moreover  that  they  had  dis- 
covered a  piece  of  property  upon  which  they  could  be  permanently 
happy.  It  is  true  that  almost  all  the  other  societies  at  Williams  had 
palatial  residences  with  which  Chi  could  not  even  pretend  to 
compete.  The  result  was  the  necessary  incorporation  of  alumni  and 
the  purchase,  for  $16,000,  of  a  pleasant,  wooden  house,  adapted 
for  club  use,  and  delightfully,  if  somewhat  distantly,  located  in 
the  best  residential  part  of  town.  The  property  was  secured  by 
means  of  a  first  and  second  mortgage,  the  chapter  being  indebted 
for  the  latter  to  Dr.  Walter  W.  Schofield,  father  of  one  of  the 
charter  members,  and  later  made  a  graduate  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 
himself.  According  to  the  common  practice  the  alumni  rented 
the  house  to  the  chapter,  and  Lawrence  has  carried  to  date  most 
of  the  burden  of  administration.  As  at  Dartmouth  the  house  was 
soon  considered  by  the  undergraduates  inadequate,  and  in  1919 
the  alumni  enlarged  and  remodeled  the  building  to  an  amount  in 
excess  of  the  original  purchase  price  of  the  property. 


162 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


k  §.  -i'i-  >•.    J 


^-■ilSl*- 


The  Administration  Within  103 

On  June  15,  1914  the  corner  stone  was  laid  for  Alpha's  new 
home,  the  first  fraternity  house  to  be  built  at  M.  A.  C.  An  im- 
pressive ceremony  took  place,  among  the  speakers  being  Boehm 
and  McLean  of  the  Council,  Barrett  of  the  Court,  and  Dr, 
Butterfield,  president  of  the  college.  The  chapter  had  owned 
for  approximately  twenty  years  a  very  desirable  site  just  at 
the  entrance  to  the  campus,  but  it  had  postponed  building  until 
its  resourses  were  such  that  it  could  do  so  with  the  help  of  only  a 
moderate  single  mortgage.  The  plans  were  made  with  an  eye 
for  use  rather  than  for  display,  and  there  were  no  frills  in  con- 
struction, but  the  house  was  in  every  respect  a  dignified  and 
comfortable  dwelling  place  for  the  parent  chapter.  At  the  dedi- 
cation banquet  the  following  spring  four  members  of  the  Court 
were  among  the  guests,  and  Root  presided  with  his  inimitable 
zest.  To  Ralph  J.  Watts  credit  chiefly  belongs  for  the  erection  of 
this  home  and  for  its  maintenance  to  date. 

Meanwhile  in  Champaign,  Illinois,  Alpha  Deuteron  was  also 
building  a  home.  The  lot  had  been  purchased  in  1911,  and  was 
paid  for  about  the  time  the  house  itself  was  begun.  The  cost  of 
construction  was  a  little  over  $15,000,  and  this  was  handled  by 
mortgage  and  alumni  bonds.  The  house,  a  structure  of  old  Dutch 
style  done  in  stucco  with  trimmings  of  green  and  red,  was  designed 
by  one  of  the  active  chapter,  Herbert  L.  Morehead.  And  the  man 
who  stood  back  of  the  project  financially  and  saw  it  through,  was 
Burrows. 

There  was  one  charter  grant  during  this  period  not  mentioned 
in  chapter  nine,  namely  that  to  Kappa  Xi  Alpha  of  the  Worcester 
Polytechnic  Institute.     And  thereby  hangs  a  tale. 

About  1913,  while  Lowe  was  still  librarian  at  Williams  College, 
he  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  officers  of  Beta  Theta  Pi  a 
local  society  in  that  institution.  The  Betas  became  so  much 
interested  in  this  local  that  eventually,  although  their  constitution 
called  for  convention  vote  on  charters,  they  took  a  letter  vote  of 
the  chapters  and  rushed  through  an  induction.  In  the  spring 
of  1915  Clarence  L.  Newton,  president  of  Beta  Theta  Pi,  wrote  to 
Lowe  concerning  this  local  in  Worcester  whose  petition  they 
were  most  reluctantly  denying  because  they  felt  that  they  should 
put  no  more  chapters  into  New  England.  Lowe  was  now  secretary 
of  the  Grand  Chapter,  having  been  elected  at  Albany  a  few  months 
before.  Newton's  letter  appealed  to  him,  and  when  he  presently 
received  another,  from  Harris  E.  Whiting,  president  of  Kappa  Xi 


164 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


The  Administration  Within  165 

Alpha,  he  started  an  investigation.  The  more  he  saw  of  this  local 
the  more  delighted  he  became.  It  was  a  well  established  organi- 
zation with  over  a  hundred  and  thirty  members  and  dated  back 
to  1902.  For  two  years  it  had  owned  its  own  home.  It  issued  an 
attractive  quarterly  publication  for  the  benefit  of  its  alumni.  And 
it  held  any  number  of  college  honors.  Moreover  and  above  all  it 
was  a  clean,  serious,  substantial  crowd  of  men.  Conley  also  became 
very  much  interested  in  this  petition,  and,  partly  perhaps  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  the  future  Mrs.  Conley  was  playing  the  lead  in  a 
Worcester  stock  company  at  the  time,  he  too  investigated  Kappa 
Xi  Alpha  thoroughly,  and  he  too  was  delighted.  Delegates  of 
other  New  England  chapters  were  also  entertained  at  the  house, 
and,  with  a  single  exception,  they  also  were  equally  pleased. 

But  there  was  a  hitch,  oddly  enough  the  very  identical  hitch 
the  Betas  had  experienced  in  connection  with  their  going  into 
Williams.  We  had  in  1912  amended  the  constitution  to  require  a 
convention  vote  on  charter  grants,  and  in  June  1915,  a  year  and  a 
half  prior  to  our  next  convention,  Worcester  was  to  celebrate  her 
semi-centennial  anniversary  with  President  Wilson  as  guest  of 
honor  and  hundreds  of  alumni  back  for  the  occasion.  Kappa  Xi 
Alpha  had  set  its  mind  upon  going  national  at  that  time.  Conley 
and  Lowe  were  prepared  to  scrap  the  constitution,  but  there  was 
the  Court,  the  citadel  of  tradition,  to  be  reckoned  with.  Mclntyre 
declared  that  no  exception  could  be  made,  but  gradually  he  too 
began  to  weaken  until  at  last  he  was  searching  the  constitution 
for  loopholes  and  telling  Lowe  that  if  he  could  swing  the  chapters, 
he  himself  would  undertake  Vogel,  Barrett  and  the  other  bulwarks 
of  the  law.  Both  were  successful.  The  Court  agreed  to  authorize 
induction  upon  a  favorable  mail  vote  of  the  chapters  with  the 
understanding  that  the  action  must  be  ratified  at  the  next  con- 
vention; and  all  the  chapters  but  three  voted  to  go  ahead.  The 
induction  took  place  on  June  8,  1915  under  the  direction  of  Lowe, 
Boehm  and  Conley  with  an  induction  team  from  Alpha. 

The  first  business  of  the  1916  convention  was  to  railroad 
through  a  ratification  of  this  illegal  induction  of  Epsilon  Deuteron, 
and  later  in  the  assembly,  when  carping  critics  had  found  their 
voices  and  were  moved  to  protest,  Barrett  urbanely  declared  that 
they  too  had  now  sanctioned  the  unholy  process  and  had  no  longer 
any  right  to  criticize.  Let  it  be  here  attested,  however,  that  this 
arbitrary  violation  of  the  constitution  was  an  unfortunate  and 
dangerous  precedent.     Seven  years  have  passed,  but  still  it  is  not 


166 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


The  Administration  Within  167 

forgotten;  and  whenever  the  present  Council  denies  some  urgent 
petition  on  constitutional  grounds,  it  is  still  more  likely  than  not 
to  hear,  "You  could  grant  this  if  you  wanted  to;  remember  what 
you  did  at  Worcester".  But  whatever  is  to  be  said  about  the 
irregularity  of  this  piece  of  legislation,  the  fact  remains  that  to 
date  the  illegitimate  chapter  has  proved  a  lusty,  honorable  and 
worthy  son. 

There  was  during  this  period  something  of  a  renaissance  in 
respect  to  the  alumni  clubs.  The  New  York  Club  was  re-organized 
under  the  leadership  of  William  M.  Van  Cise.  There  was  a  drive 
for  membership  with  the  result  that  the  enrollment  leaped  to  156. 
And  in  1911  the  Club  was  so  prosperous  and  so  pleased  with  life 
in  general  that  it  published  a  booklet  about  itself.  Charters  were 
granted  to  seven  newly  organized  clubs  during  the  period,  as 
follows:  to  Seattle  in  1910,  to  Pittsburgh  in  1911,  to  Chicago, 
Baltimore  and  San  Francisco  in  1912,  to  Springfield  in  1915,  and 
to  Detroit  in  1916. 

On  April  25,  1914  the  Reverent  Henry  Hague,  Founder,  died 
in  Worcester.  For  thirty-two  years  he  had  been  rector  of  St. 
Matthews  in  that  city,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  also 
dean  of  the  Worcester  convocation.  For  years  he  had  been 
familiarly  known  as  "Father  Hague".  At  his  funeral  scores  of 
people  were  turned  away  because  there  was  no  longer  any  room 
in  the  church.  Although  Brother  Hague  had  not  been  active  in 
the  administration  of  the  Fraternity,  his  love  for  it  never  fagged; 
indeed  he  journeyed  to  Amherst  to  attend  the  initiation  banquet 
the  winter  before  his  death.  Both  Fraternity  and  Founder  lived 
to  be  proud  of  each  other. 

There  were  of  course  during  this  period,  with  the  rapidly 
growing  enrollment  of  both  chapters  and  men,  any  number  of  sub- 
currents  and  cross-currents  in  the  life  of  the  Order.  For  the  abortive 
movements  in  legislation,  politics  and  fraternal  reform  we  have 
not  room  in  these  annals.  It  has  been  necessary  to  select  those 
things  which  have  seemed  most  essential.  An  attempt  has  been 
made,  however,  to  indicate  wherein  lay  the  development  of  these 
eight  years.  Certainly  the  Worcester  convention,  attended  by 
171  members  of  the  Order  and  entertaining  the  president  of  the 
local  college  as  its  guest,  was,  in  spite  of  some  fatuous  political 
machinations,  a  more  virile,  dignified,  clean  and  positive  assembly 
than  many  which  had  preceded  it.  The  chapters  were  everywhere 
demanding  more  of  the  national  body,  and  that  in  turn  was  demand- 


168  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

ing  more  of  them.  Conley  had  said  at  Albany  that  the  keynote  of 
his  administration  should  be  Better  Scholarship,  and  K.  William 
Corby  of  Mu  had  offered  a  scholarship  cup,  which,  unfortunately, 
the  Council  could  devise  no  practicable  means  to  award.  College 
deans  and  fraternity  secretaries  were  beginning  to  work  hand  in 
glove.  The  anti-fraternity  agitation,  in  many  instances  well 
founded,  was  being  successfully  combated  by  both  propaganda  and 
reform,  and  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  helping  in  and  profiting  by  all 
of  these  things.  The  delegates  who  followed  the  Big  Chief  around 
the  tables  at  the  close  of  the  Worcester  banquet  represented  a 
very  different  Order  than  did  those  who  christened  him  in  the 
turbulent  assembly  at  Philadelphia  in  1904. 


CHAPTER  ELEVEN 
During  the  War  (1917-1918) 

On  April  6,  1917  the  United  States  entered  the  great  World 
War.  Over  two  years  before,  however,  Robert  Henri  Chapon, 
A  '14,  had  given  his  life  at  Verdun  under  the  Tri-color  of 
France.  The  men  of  Rho  Chapter,  too,  had  long  been  under  arms. 
But  it  was  not  until  the  spring  of  1917  that  the  Fraternity  in  large 
numbers  dedicated  itself  to  the  great  task  which  lay  before. 

There  is  something  of  historic  interest  in  the  following  para- 
graph, written  for  the  June  Signet  by  William  H.  Taft,  former 
president  of  the  United  States: 

'Tt  has  been  gratifying  to  me  to  note  the  real 
patriotic  spirit  shown  by  the  young  men  of  the  univer- 
sities and  colleges  of  this  country.  There  is  among 
them  no  jingo  spirit,  no  rejoicing  that  we  have  war, 
only  a  determination  to  do  their  duty  and  to  vindicate 
the  environment  of  academic  education  as  a  stimulant 
of  patriotic  ideals.  Young  college  men  of  this  country 
are  going  to  fill  the  most  important  part  of  the  younger 
officers  in  the  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  we  can  count 
on  their  making  a  great  record  as  representatives  of  the 
educated  men  of  the  country.  Every  college  man  worth 
his  salt  is  looking  about  to  find  a  place  in  which  he  can 
be  most  useful.  If  he  is  deprived  of  the  opportunity  of 
going  to  the  front,  there  are  other  places  in  which  he 
can  serve.  'They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait', — 
that  is,  those  who  are  so  young  as  not  to  be  eligible  for 
commissions  may  well  keep  themselves  in  preparation 
for  graduation  when  they  will  be  eligible.  Those  who 
are  engaged  in  technical  professions  indispensable  to  our 
proper  military  preparations,  like  the  medical  profession 
and  the  profession  of  engineering,  should  continue  that 
preparation  at  all  hazards". 

It  is  not  the  function  of  this  history  to  rehearse  the  experiences 
of  individuals  at  the  front.    Our  military  roll  is,  however,  contained 

169 


170 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


Robert  Henri  Cliapon;M 

Died  for  France,  after 
three  weeks  in  trenches, 
December  30'-^  1914,  in 
his  twentieth3^ear 


Presented  to 
Alpha  of  *  IK 

byA.T3eals,Q.TV,'82 


snjtmfig^^^l^. 


Let  America 

awake  to  protect 

its  y  oath. 


During  the  War  171 

in  this  volume.  There  is  no  other  chapter  in  our  annals  of  which 
we  are  so  proud.  Inaccurate  and  incomplete  as  it  unfortunately 
is,  it  is  nevertheless  a  record  of  imperishable  glory.  These  names, 
marshalled  thus  on  Honor's  dress  parade,  are  eloquent  evidence 
of  the  patriotism  of  our  Fraternity.  And  the  names  of  the  men 
who  gave  up  their  lives  are  now  our  saddest  and  most  sacred 
memory. 

It  is  fitting  to  present  in  this  place  a  brief  summary  of  our 
military  service.  Credit  for  the  military  roll  belongs  largely  to 
the  various  chapters  of  the  Fraternity.  In  compiling  their  lists 
they  had,  of  course,  to  contend  with  unfortunate  reticence  on  the 
part  of  many  service  men,  with  unreliable  mail-lists,  and  with  their 
own  rather  sophomoric  impatience  with  so  prosaic  a  matter  as 
historic  compilations.  To  youth  belongs  the  making  of  history, 
not  the  writing  of  it.  The  annalist,  therefore,  felt  constrained  to 
supplement  their  work  to  the  extent  of  several  hundred  personal 
inquiries,  to  many  of  which  he  too  received  no  answer.  The  whole 
undertaking,  however,  was  given  the  utmost  publicity,  and  the 
chapter  lists,  with  only  three  exceptions,  were  published  for 
correction  in  The  Signet.  The  responsibility  for  errors  and 
omissions  thus  finally  reverts  back  to  the  brothers  themselves. 
As  stressed  in  the  foreword  to  this  book,  these  annals  are  yours; 
and  the  military  roll  is  largely  as  you  willed  it. 

It  has  seemed  fitting,  although  perhaps  not  wholly  fair,  to 
differentiate  between  those  men  who  were  in  active  military 
service  and  those  men  who  were  held  in  reserve,  usually  for  training 
upon  their  own  college  campuses:  members  of  the  Enlisted  Medical 
Reserve  Force  and  of  the  Student  Army  and  Naval  Training  Corps. 
To  the  extent  that  the  personal  data  permitted,  therefore,  this 
differentiation  has  been  made,  and  only  the  names  of  those  of  the 
former  group  appear  in  The  Chapter  in  Arms.  The  liberty  has 
been  taken  of  including  the  names  of  some  social  welfare  workers 
who  saw  service  overseas;  otherwise  the  personnel  is  military  in 
the  strictest  sense  of  the  word.  The  summary  may  be  found 
upon  the  following  page. 


172 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


THE  MILITARY  SUMMARY 


Living 

In 

In 

Total 

Com- 

Desig- 

Chapter 

Membership 

Active 

Campus 

in 

missions 

nated  for 

Deaths 

Nov.  11,  1918 

Service 

Service 

Service 

Bravery 

A 

357 

88 

12 

100 

45 

1 

2 

B 

279 

89 

37 

126 

63 

10 

4 

r 

276 

70 

5 

75 

40 

2 

5 

A 

241 

65 

35 

100 

37 

0 

2 

E 

283 

164 

37 

201 

102 

9 

1 

Z 

121 

42 

5 

47 

14 

1 

4 

H 

226 

59 

17 

76 

42 

8 

1 

e 

221 

88 

5 

93 

56 

4 

2 

I 

142 

48 

19 

67 

26 

0 

2 

K 

200 

57 

21 

78 

24 

1 

0 

A 

229 

127 

19 

146 

66 

6 

2 

M 

242 

113 

1 

114 

61 

3 

3 

N 

107 

37 

15 

52 

14 

0 

1 

31 

137 

53 

17 

70 

15 

1 

1 

0 

130 

50 

25 

75 

38 

0 

2 

n 

143 

56 

16 

72 

20 

3 

2 

p 

51 

20 

0 

20 

13 

4 

5 

s 

142 

67 

21 

88 

52 

3 

5 

T 

204 

92 

18 

110 

41 

5 

3 

T 

89 

39 

8 

47 

17 

0 

1 

* 

134 

43 

29 

72 

24 

1 

1 

X 

119 

64 

8 

72 

39 

3 

2 

^ 

69 

24 

0 

24 

14 

0 

1 

fi 

163 

94 

12 

106 

58 

0 

3 

AA 

139 

70 

20 

90 

33 

0 

0 

BA 

105 

99 

16 

115 

41 

0 

3 

PA 

86 

52 

10 

62 

17 

0 

1 

AA 

99 

68 

14 

82 

32 

4 

0 

EA 

130 

70 

15 

85 

30 

0 

0 

ZA 

60 

53 

7 

60 

23 

4 

1 

HA 

46 

50 

5 

55 

14 

0 

0 

eA 

0 

14 

6 

20 

3 

0 

0 

Totals 

4970 

2125 

475 

2600 

1114 

73 

60 

NOTES 

Summaries  are  in  some  instances  incomplete,  as  noted  in  text. 
Service  summaries  include  men  initiated  after  the  armistice. 
Affiliates  are  listed  only  under  their  initial  chapter. 


During  the  War  173 

With  our  declaration  of  war  in  the  spring  of  1917  came  the 
mobiHzation  of  the  first  Officers'  Training  School,  and,  to  the 
utmost  limits  of  acceptance,  the  rush  of  undergraduates  and 
younger  alumni  to  the  colors.  Many,  failing  appointment  to 
Plattsburg,  enlisted  in  the  regular  army,  choosing  those  divisions 
which  were  booked  for  early  sailing.  Hundreds  left  school  to  go 
onto  farms  or  into  shipyards,  and  some  of  the  colleges  practically 
ceased  to  function  from  early  May  until  late  in  the  fall.  Mean- 
while a  second  Officers'  Training  School  had  mobilized,  and  the 
colleges  opened  in  the  fall  with  approximately  a  fifty  per  cent 
senior  registration  and  with  very  great  gaps  in  the  other  classes. 
In  November  a  special  committee  reported  back  to  the  Interfrater- 
nity  Conference: 

"It  has  been  estimated  that  more  than  one-fourth  of 
the  student  body  of  American  universities  and  colleges 
have  enlisted  in  the  country's  fighting  forces,  and  that 
another  twenty-five  per  cent  are  in  process  of  enlistment". 

Like  the  other  features  of  campus  life,  therefore,  the  fraternity 
activities  were  largely  subordinated  to  graver  issues. 

With  the  closing  of  the  spring  term  1918,  fraternity  life  in 
most  institutions  had  practically  ceased  to  exist.  There  were  no 
longer  upperclassmen  out  of  uniform,  and  when  a  few  of  the  younger 
men  dribbled  back  to  the  campuses  in  the  autumn,  they  found  the 
Students'  Army  Training  Corps  established  and  almost  auto- 
matically became  a  part  of  the  great  military  machine.  Many 
chapter  houses  became  barracks  or  were  rented  for  the  period  of 
the  war.  Esoteric  records  were  turned  in  to  the  Council  or  intrusted 
to  dependable  local  alumni.  Meetings  became  casual  and  social. 
Rushing  became  sporadic.  It  was  a  new  experience  for  the  American 
college. 

Typical  of  what  was  going  on  everywhere  is  the  following 
report  from  Champaign. 

"At  the  time  the  armistice  was  signed,  November  11, 
1918,  there  was  a  little  life  left  within  the  body  of  Alpha 
Deuteron,  for  it  was  within  the  scope  of  possible  things. 
In  order  better  to  understand  the  condition  of  the  chapter 
at  that  date,  something  should  be  said  of  the  period  be- 
tween September  20  and  November  11. 

"When  the  University  opened  its  doors,  most  of  the 
men    students   registered    as   members   of   the   Students' 


174  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Army  Training  Corps  or  the  Students'  Naval  Training 
Corps,  which  necessitated  an  existence  partially  re- 
sembling that  of  a  soldier  in  training  and  partially  that 
of  a  student  of  the  University.  The  University  and 
Military  Department  were  not  ready  on  registration 
day  to  care  for  the  thousands  of  men  who  sought  that  sort 
of  training;  so  Alpha  Deuteron,  along  with  many  of  the 
other  fraternities,  was  asked  to  bunk  and  to  feed  all  that 
our  house  would  accommodate.  Our  allotment  was 
forty  men.  As  compensation  we  were  paid  so  much  a 
week  for  each  man.  The  chapter  house  was  rented  by 
the  University  on  a  monthly  basis.  That  condition 
lasted  about  a  month.  There  were  no  formal  meetings, 
but  there  was  a  strenuous  effort  made  to  get  a  number  of 
pledges.  By  the  end  of  the  first  month  we  had  made  and 
saved  about  fifty  dollars. 

"After  four  weeks  of  such  we  were  told  to  move. 
That  order  meant  that  all  our  belongings  were  to  be 
moved  to  other  quarters  and  our  house  left  to  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Military  Department.  Some  of  our  house- 
hold goods  went  into  storage;  some  to  211  East  Healy 
Street,  to  rooms  we  had  rented  as  club  rooms.  They 
were  comfortable  and  modern  and  did  much  towards 
holding  the  scattered  brothers  and  pledges  together  .  .  . 
After  the  first  of  January  the  chapter  returned  to  their 
home  and  resumed  a  natural  existence". 

How  the  other  chapters  fared  may  be  deduced  from  the  follow- 
ing fragmentary  notes.  Alpha  rented  her  house  to  the  College 
for  a  girls'  dormitory,  went  into  barracks,  and  became  wholly 
disorganized.  The  Beta  men  went  into  hospital  quarters  so 
precipitately  as  to  lose,  along  with  their  civilian  clothing,  all 
their  fraternity  books  and  records  and  the  chapter's  medical 
library.  On  January  1st  Gamma  reported  an  enrollment  of  se\-en 
men  and  a  house  badly  damaged  from  its  war  service  as  an  in- 
fantry barracks.  The  Delta  house  was  turned  into  barracks  and 
"the  military  ofificers  treated  it  as  though  it  were  enem>-  property," 
although,  as  everywhere,  some  compensation  was  ultimately  made. 
The  Epsilon  house  was  taken  over  by  the  eidmiral  in  charge  of 
the  Yale  Naval  Unit  and  his  staff.  Zeta  and  Kta  were  completely 
disbanded   and   put   their  goods   into   storage.      Theta   sub-leased 


During  the  War  175 

her  house  for  a  period  of  years.  Iota  turned  her  house  over  to  her 
caretaker  who  boarded  officers  of  the  Naval  Steam  School  and 
such  Iota  men  as  were  enrolled  in  the  Stevens  S.  N.  T.  C.  The 
Mu  house  was  taken  over  by  the  government  for  naval  barracks, 
but  two  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men  were  given  police  authority  over 
the  place.  Nu  reported:  "The  Sigma  Nu  boys  have  offered  our 
boys  the  opportunity  of  living  with  them  for  the  period  of  the 
war",  and  this  invitation  was  gratefully  accepted.  Omicron 
vacated  her  house  and  stored  her  furniture.  Pi  leased  her  house, 
the  chapter  becoming  "completely  disorganized".  Xi  reported  one 
senior,  one  sophomore  and  fourteen  freshmen.  Upsilon  "ceased 
to  function  formally".  Dartmouth  "closed  the  dormitory  part 
of  every  fraternity  house  and  will  pay  the  taxes  and  interest  charges 
for  one  year".  The  house  at  Williams  had  to  be  closed  and  was  a 
financial  liability  throughout  the  period.  Omega  rented  three 
rooms  "for  the  use  of  the  brothers  when  on  leave".  At  Minnesota 
the  chapter  was  disorganized  and  the  house  given  up.  At  Ames 
the  chapter  was  reduced  to  six  men.  The  Michigan  house  was 
used  as  a  barracks,  the  chapter  storing  most  of  its  furniture  in  a 
barn.  The  Worcester  house  became  a  barracks.  Zeta  Deuteron 
rented  her  house  to  the  University  for  the  women  students.  Eta 
Deuteron  at  one  time  got  down  to  a  single  active  member. 

The  only  chapter  to  thrive  during  the  war  was  the  one  at 
Washington,  and  that  functioned  in  large  measure  as  an  alumni 
club  and  clearing  house.  There  were  a  great  many  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  men  stationed  at  the  capital  for  longer  or  shorter  shifts, 
and  to  them  Lambda  extended  a  gracious  hospitality.  Moreover 
her  active  organization  was  maintained  throughout  the  war,  and 
no  less  than  forty-four  men  were  initiated  during  actual  hostilities. 
Meetings  were  held  summer  and  winter  alike,  and  representatives 
from  every  other  chapter  in  America  were  among  her  guests. 
Sigma  and  Kappa  are  the  only  other  chapters  which  seem  to  have 
functioned  fairly  normally  during  this  period. 

The  fraternities,  however,  won  a  moral  victory  of  some  value 
in  their  relations  with  the  War  Department.  On  September  25, 
1918  that  department,  over  the  signature  of  Colonel  Rees,  soon  to 
be  brigadier-general,  issued  a  memorandum  relative  to  the  status 
of  fraternities  in  colleges  where  the  S.  A.  T.  C.  had  been  intro- 
duced. It  was  to  the  effect  that  fraternity  activities  are  incom- 
patible with  military  discipline  and  should  be  wholly  suspended. 
The    Executive    Committee    of    the    Interfraternitv    Conference 


176  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

objected  to  this  ruling,  feeling  that  the  men  when  off  duty  should 
be  permitted  to  associate  fraternally  and  to  keep  their  organization 
as  intact  as  the  chaotic  conditions  might  allow.  Thereupon  it 
entered  upon  negotiations  with  Colonel  Rees,  and  getting  no 
satisfaction,  with  Mr.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War.  Fi\'e  days  after 
the  interview  with  Mr.  Baker,  the  War  Department  issued  the 
following  memorandum : 

"Administrative  Memo 
No.  49 

1.     Fraternities. 
1.     Administration  Memo  No.  30  on  the  subject  of 
'Fraternities'  is  rescinded,  and  the  following   substituted 
therefor : 

It  is  desired  that  no  restrictions  shall  be  placed  on 
elections  to  fraternities;  also  that  no  restrictions  shall 
be  placed  upon  fraternity  activites,  including  initiations 
and  meetings,  except  such  as  are  clearly  necessary  to 
preserve  proper  military  training  and  discipline.  In  deter- 
mining what,  if  any,  restrictions  are  essential,  commanding 
officers  will  exercise  tact  and  good  judgment. 
By  direction  of  the  Committee, 

Chesleigh  H.  Briscoe 

Major  Inf.,  U.  S.  A. 
Administrati\'e  Otificer." 

This  recognition  of  the  fraternities  as  agencies  for  good  in  the 
college  world,  from  an  organization  which  combines  two  ideals 
against  both  of  which  fraternities  are  generalK'  supposetl  to  be 
antagonistic — namely,  strict  military  discipline  and  the  great 
democratic  army — is  highly  significant  of  the  progress  wliich  the 
fraternities  have  made.  In  forwarding  this  meuKn-andum  Brig- 
adier-General Rees  wrote  as  follows: 

"It  is  thought  that  these  latest  regulations  should 
satisfactorily  clear  the  whole  situation.  Their  latitude 
is  made  possible  by  the  splendid  type  of  men  who  have 
answered  the  call  of  the  Students'  Arm\-  Training  Corps, 
and  by  the  splendid  cooperation  of  the  fraternities  them- 
selves, the  thanks  of  the  War  Department  for  which  I 
desire  to  extend  to  the  fraternities  throuuh  \-ou". 


During  the  War  177 

Armistice  Day  followed  too  closely  upon  this  ruling  to  allow  any 
extended  experience  of  its  possibilities.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  as  we 
have  seen,  in  large  measure  the  chapters  had  actually  suspended 
themselves,  and  the  shortness  of  training  period  to  be  allowed  the 
men  would  probably  have  tended  to  make  the  suspension  per- 
manent. The  expression  of  confidence,  however,  deserves  to  be 
spread  upon  our  records. 

In  the  Lambda  chapter  house  there  hangs  a  certificate  which 
reads  as  follows: 

"1918  1919 

TOURS  CLUB  OF  PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA 

TOURS,  INDRE-ET-LOIRE,  FRANCE 

This  is  to  certify  that  we,  the  undersigned  members 
of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  and  of  the  American  Expeditionary 
Forces  in  Europe,  having  been  privileged  to  associate  as 
brothers  in  time  of  war  in  Tours,  Indre-et-Loire,  France, 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  a  closer  fellowship, do  hereby 
create  the  Tours  Club  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa — an  informal 
organization  filled  with  the  spirit  of  the  Fraternity". 

The  members  of  this  unique  and  interesting  body  were:  Tonkin,  A 
'IS,  Stoddard,  A  '15,  Haines,  A  '17,  Hoer,  A  '16,  Unkles,  I  '12, 
Sheppard,  A  '09,  Underwood,  E  'IS,  Sturtevant,  T  '17,  and  Bowen, 
HA  '21.  They  met  rather  regularly,  used  the  ritual  upon  occasion, 
devoted  themselves  largely  to  dough-boy  intercourse,  and  kept 
their  organization  intact  until  the  troops  were  withdrawn.  There 
was  another  group,  of  six,  who  were  together  constantly,  first  at 
Eastleigh,  England,  and  later  at  Paulliac,  France,  and  who  pre- 
served a  somewhat  similar  organization. 

The  biennial  convention  scheduled  to  take  place  at  Chicago 
in  191S  was  indefinitely  postponed  by  the  Council.  The  Signet, 
however,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  its  editor  was  for  over  ten  months 
in  the  army,  appeared  regularly  throughout  the  period.  Two 
numbers  were  considerably  reduced  in  size.  From  the  June  number 
(1917)  The  Rainbow  of  Delta  Tau  Delta  reprinted  the  foreword, 
a  four  page  editorial  entitled  Under  Arms  and  some  verses  called 
Pro  Patria,  and  its  editor  commented  upon  the  second  in  an 
appreciative  editorial  of  some  length.  In  the  June  (1918)  Signet 
there  appeared  an  editorial.  The  Unstained  Scutcheon,  dealing 
idealistically  rather  than  medically  with  the  problem  of  impurity, 


178 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


THE    PENNSYLVANIA   HOUSE 
(Built  1917) 

and  this  was  reprinted  by  the  War  Department  and  distributed 
in  such  posts  as  the  aviation  ones,  where  the  soldiers  were  largeh' 
college  men.  Thus  after  a  fashion  The  Signet  did  its  bit  throughout 
the  period  of  the  war. 

Strange  as  it  may  seem,  it  was  during  this  troublous  time  that 
Mu  completed  her  beautiful  new  home  in  Philadelphia,  its  corner 
stone  having  been  laid  March  17,  1917,  prior  to  our  entering 
the  conflict.  It  was  designed  by  Donald  B.  Folsom,  M.  '07,  and 
built  by  Eber  E.  Ludwick,  K  '11.  On  the  main  floor  is  a  large 
reception  room  and  a  dining  room  fed  from  a  basement  kitchen, 
on  the  second  floor  what  is  virtually  a  vast  living  room  with  luusic 
alcoves,  billiard  hall  and  the  like,  on  the  third  floor  se\'en  double 
bedrooms,  and  on  the  fourth  three  bedrooms  and  the  chapter  hall. 
Among  the  guests  at  the  house  warming  were  the  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  go\'ernor  of  New  Jersey. 


During  the  War 


179 


It  was  also  in  1917  that  Iota 
purchased  her  home  at  810  Hud- 
son Street,  Hoboken.  The  prop- 
erty was  bought  from  Brother 
John  J.  Fagan  for  $14,500,  of 
which  S4500  was  raised  by  bond 
and  subscription.  The  men  who 
conducted  the  campaign  and  the 
deal  were  Willian  A.  Shoudy, 
Thomas  C.  Stephens  and  Earl 
F.  English. 

Probably  the  event  of  this 
period  which  most  deeply 
touched  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men 
as  such  was  the  death  of  Joseph 
Franklin  Barrett,  "The  Big 
Chief",  on  January  23,  1918. 
His  record  in  the  history  of  the 
Fraternity  was  no  less  than  ex- 
traordinary. He  was  one  of  the 
six  founders;  he  was  nine  times 
elected  president  of  the  Grand 
Chapter;  he  was  once  vice- 
president,  once  auditor,  and  once 
inductor;  he  was  for  three  terms 
chancellor  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  a  member  of  that  body  from 
the  date  of  its  inception  until 
his  death.  He  was  thus  an 
officer  of  the  Grand  Chapter  for 
thirty-one  out  of  a  possible  forty 
years,  a  remarkable  testimony  to 
the  loyalty  and  genius  of  the 
man.     Of   the  eighteen  general 

conventions  he  attended  all  but  three.  He  was  a  man  of  native 
wisdom,  perfect  urbanity,  and  great  heart.  His  drolleries  of  humor 
and  mastery  of  the  King's  English  were  also  among  the  assets  of 
this  Fraternity.  In  place  of  the  customary  F'ounders'  Day  banquet 
the  following  March  a  memorial  service  to  Brother  Barrett  was 
held  in  New  York,  at  which  the  principal  speakers  were  his  friends,, 
Root,  Harwood  and  Cutter,  and  Horace  Bowker  of  the  well  known 
fertilizer  company  with  which  Barrett  had  been  associated  for  so 
long. 


THE    bTKVENS    HUUSE 
(Purchased  1917) 


180  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


TO  THE  BIG  CHIEF 


And  now,  farewell!       For  many  moons  your  strong 

And  stalwart  form  has  led  our  fearless  band 

By  pleasant  trails  about  this  mighty  land, 

Your  voice  lent  power  to  our  tribal  song. 

Around  the  council  fire,  when  some  few 

Spake  whirling  words,  you  smoked  and  held  your  peace; 

But  when  our  tongues  would  in  confusion  cease, 

In  quiet  tones  you  told  us  what  to  do. 

And  now  fare  safely  to  that  hunting-ground 

Where  bold  and  faithful  spirits  draw  the  bow. 

And  weary  not,  nor  suffer  winter's  chill ; 

And  we  will  chant  in  triumph  by  your  mound, 

And  make  a  grateful  vow,  and  proudly  go 

To  valiant  deeds — your  braves.  Great  Chieftain,  still. 


CHAPTER  TWELVE 
Renewal  (1919-1922) 

Although  the  chapter  Hfe  was  so  completely  disorganized  by 
the  war,  the  interruption  was  still  of  short  duration  and  recovery 
was  rapid.  With  the  demobilization  of  the  S.  A.  T.  C.  early  in 
1919,  the  colleges  resumed  under  civilian  administration,  and  the 
fraternity  houses  which  had  been  impressed  for  barracks  were 
again  available  for  the  chapters.  In  some  cases  extensive  repairs 
had  to  be  made,  but  the  expense  for  this  was,  in  considerable 
measure  at  least,  borne  by  the  Government.  By  this  time  under- 
graduate service  men  were  drifting  back  to  the  campuses,  and 
they,  with  the  S.  A.  T.  C.  and  local  alumni,  undertook  the  re- 
habilitation of  their  chapters  with  much  success.  The  fact  that 
they  represented  at  least  three  delegations  meant  in  many  instances 
an  overloading  of  the  senior  group  and  a  top-heavy  enrollment. 

As  a  class  they  were  a  matured  and  earnest  crowd  of  men, 
but  in  some  cases  they  brought  back  with  them  the  bad  habits  to 
be  found  everywhere  in  army  life.  Prohibition  also  seems  to  have 
acted  as  a  challenge  to  sophomoric  ingenuity  and  independence. 
The  result  was  a  great  deal  of  drinking  of  hard  liquor  and  the 
consequent  disorderliness  in  some  of  the  chapters.  It  is  worthy  of 
note  that  in  certain  colleges  the  students  themselves  aired  the 
whole  situation  and  adopted  measures  of  reform.  In  two  of  our 
chapters  men  were  suspended,  by  the  Council  and  local  alumni, 
for  drunkenness. 

The  three  chapters  hardest  hit  by  the  war  were  Beta,  Theta 
and  Eta.  We  have  noted  how  the  Beta  men,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  many  of  them  remained  in  Albany  as  members  of  the  Medical 
Reserve,  abandoned  their  chapter  quarters  and  lost  their  bcoks 
and  records.  After  the  armistice,  however,  they  reorganized, 
rented  a  convenient  and  commodious  house,  were  supplied  with  a 
new  set  of  books  by  the  Council,  and  by  1920  had  met  their  financial 
indebtedness  to  the  national  Order.  At  Columbia  Theta  chapter 
found  itself  much  embarrassed  by  the  fact  that  it  had  rented  its 
house  for  a  period  of  five  years,  and  it  was  not  until  the  autumn  of 

181 


182  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

1920  that  it  succeeded  in  getting  back  into  it.  At  Maryland, 
Eta  was  completely  disorganized,  and  in  getting  it  back  upon  its 
feet  Morgan  had  to  all  but  establish  a  new  chapter.  Xo  suitable 
house  was  available,  and  for  months  all  meetings  were  held  in  his 
office.  The  other  local  alumni  also  lent  a  hand,  and  by  1920  the 
boys  were  housed  at  1017  Cathedral  Street  and  functioning  to  some 
purpose. 

In  the  fall  of  1919  Lowe  felt  constrained,  for  professional 
reasons,  to  resign  as  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  and  the 
Council  appointed  Rand  to  complete  the  term.  Before  going  into 
the  army  Warner  B.  Sturtevant,  A  &  T  '17,  had  placed  in  Rand's 
possession  a  few  pieces  of  correspondence  looking  toward  a  history 
of  the  Fraternity.  The  accumulation  of  all  of  the  Grand  Chapter 
records  in  a  single  office  and  in  Amherst,  together  with  Rand's 
literary  experience,  made  this  seem  the  psychological  period  for 
the  publication  of  such  a  book.  Moreover  the  Council  wished  to 
provide  some  lasting  memorial  of  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  Order,  which  would  come  In  1923.  It  therefore 
authorized  the  preparation  of  a  manuscript,  and  at  Chicago,  Rand 
allowed  himself  to  be  continued  in  office  in  order  to  see  the  project 
through. 

It  might  be  said  at  this  time  that  the  plan  to  make  The  Signet 
a  compact,  national  organ  and  to  leave  to  the  various  chapters  the 
dissemination  of  their  more  local  and  personal  news,  was  proving 
wholly  successful.  All  but  seven  of  the  chapters — those  at  Union, 
C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Maryland,  St.  John's,  Virginia,  Williams  and  Nevada — 
were  now  issuing  more  or  less  periodic  publications  to  the  alumni 
and  the  other  chapters.  And  Rand,  in  1922,  took  the  final,  logical 
step  of  eliminating  from  his  alumni  department  all  items  except 
those  of  general  interest,  thus  making  the  magazine  almost  entirely 
national  in  its  appeal.  The  Signet  was  thus  unique  among  Greek 
letter  publications  and  subject  to  comment. 

In  1920,  Mr.  Wayne  M.  Musgrave,  grand  offi(^er  and  editor  of 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  treasurer  of  the  Interfraternity  Conference,  and 
author  of  The  Interfraternity  White  Book,  wrote  inThe  Tomahawk  as 
follows: 

"The  Signet  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  is  the  best  and 
finest  specimen  of  a  fraternity  magazine  that  comes  to 
our  desk.  Brief,  juicy,  sparkling,  and  yet  satisfying,  it 
is  the  epitome  of  what  reaches  its  editors,  and  great  care 
and  judgment   are   exercised   in   its   production.      Not   a 


Renewal  183 

chapter  letter,  and  yet  we  believe  it  furnishes  its  mem- 
bers with  all  that  they  want  to  know.  We  believe  it 
represents  the  highest  form  of  fraternity  spirit  that  issues 
from  the  printing  press  to-day.  The  rest  of  us  fear  we 
cannot  spend  enough  money  and  make  sufficient  showing 
to  justify  our  existence,  and  so  we  hold  on  to  basic  forms 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  covers  of  many  of  our  frater- 
nity magazines  might  be  exchanged  without  even  our 
own  fraternit\^  being  the  wiser.  The  Signet  has  solved 
the  problem  of  furnishing  its  readers  something  to  read 
that  is  worth  their  while.  The  rest  of  us  furnish  plenty 
of  printer's  ink,  but  the  dross  outweighs  the  gold." 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  death  of  Samuel  C.  Thompson, 
February  29,  1920.  In  a  quiet  way  Brother  Thompson  had  been 
a  benign  and  helpful  influence  in  the  Fraternity  for  a  long  time. 
Although  a  graduate  member  (of  Alpha),  he  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  Grand  Chapter  in  1898,  treasurer  in  1900,  and  in 
1902  went  onto  the  Supreme  Court,  where  he  remained,  part  of 
the  time  as  chancellor  and  as  recorder,  for  eighteen  years.  His 
death,  therefore,  brought  to  a  close  a  career  of  twenty-two  con- 
secutive years  of  service  to  Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 

The  deferred  convention  was  to  be  held  in  Chicago  in  1920. 
With  an  eye  for  legislative  reforms  at  this  convention  the  New 
England  chapters  organized  an  association,  which  should  insure  a 
definite  program  for  Chicago  and  thereafter  meet  semiannually 
for  discussion.  The  president  of  this  association  was  George  M. 
Campbell,  A  '20.  Most  of  its  suggestions  were  in  line  of  progress 
and  carried  weight  upon  the  convention  floor.  Its  choice  for  presi- 
dent was  Charles  Sumner  Howe,  president  of  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science,  but  there  were  other  candidates,  Burrows  and  Conley,  and 
when  Burrows  withdrew  his  name  after  the  first  ballot,  Conley  was 
readily  re-elected.  The  Association  of  New  England  Chapters, 
however,  had  demonstrated  a  growing  section  consciousness  and 
the  force  of  a  recommendation  of  the  Council  that  the  Fraternity 
should  now  be  divided  into  five  districts,  each  to  be  under  the 
direct  surveillance  of  one  of  the  national  officers.  The  Convention 
passed  such  a  recommendation,  and  the  new  Council  proceeded 
promptly  to  put  it  into  effect. 

Record  should  also  be  made  of  the  fact  that  this  convention 
increased  the  Grand  Chapter  tax  from  $10  to  $15,  the  charter  fee 


184 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


2; 
o 

o 

a  o 
o  3 


Renewal  185 

from  $25  to  $100,  the  secretary's  honorarium  from  $250  to  $500, 
and  the  editor's  from  $150  to  $300,  the  first  two  being  by  con- 
stitutional amendment  and  the  others  by  recommendation  to  the 
Council. 

Only  one  new  charter  was  granted.  The  Council  had  recom- 
mended the  placing  of  a  chapter  in  Gettysburg  from  which  a  very 
strong  local  had  petitioned,  but  the  institution  was  not  popular 
among  the  delegates.  The  Council  also  presented,  but  without 
recommendation,  an  eleventh-hour  but  attractive  petition  from 
Purdue,  but  Vogel  urbanely  called  attention  to  constitutional 
processes,  and  no  action  was  taken.  This  petition  was  later  with- 
drawn, but  not  because  of  impatience  with  our  rather  deliberate 
method  of  grant. 

The  successful  petition  was  from  Zeta  Epsilon  society  of  the 
Oregon  State  Agricultural  College.  This  organization  had  been 
founded  as  The  Umpqua  Club  in  1915,  but  in  1918  was  recognized 
as  a  local  and  changed  its  name  to  Zeta  Epsilon.  It  included  among 
its  members  Governor  Ben  Olcott  of  Oregon,  and  had  already 
purchased  a  home.  When  the  Zeta  Epsilon  men  began  to  think 
about  nationalization,  they  listed  on  their  bulletin  board  all  the 
possibilities  in  Greekdom,  and  gradually,  almost  entirely  on  the 
basis  of  Baird's  Manual,  eliminated  down  to  Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 
Thereupon  they  passed  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  they  would 
petition  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  perpetually  if  necessary.  The  new 
inductor  was  Arnold  C.  Otto,  A  '11,  a  Wisconsin  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator. With  Lawrence  he  went  to  Corvallis,  and  on  February  19, 
1921,  with  the  assistance  of  a  team  from  California  and  Nevada, 
inducted  the  new  chapter.     A  banquet  was  held  at  Hotel  Albany. 

The  Chicago  convention  instructed  the  Council  to  proceed  at 
once  with  the  publication  of  a  songbook,  and  designated  a  com- 
mittee of  editors.  As  the  project  got  under  way,  however,  four 
names  stand  out  as  deserving  special  mention:  Armand  Kreeger, 
O  '20,  who  as  chairman  of  the  committee  kept  the  ball  rolling; 
Charles  H.  Ruedi,  AA  '17,  who  was  active  in  rounding  up  material; 
Norman  G.  Shidle,  <l>  '17,  who  did  much  in  the  matter  of  selection 
and  revision  of  songs;  and  Leonard  W.  Joy,  T  '16,  who  saw  the 
manuscript  through  the  press.  The  book  was  ready  by  the  end  of 
1921,  and  contained  seventeen  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  songs,  ten  being 
to  original  tunes.  Copies  were  sent  to  the  chapters  to  the  number 
of  approximately  one  half  the  active  enrollment  of  each,  and  within 
a  few  months  the  book  had  paid  for  its  publication. 


186  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

The  Chicago  convention  left  the  matter  of  Psi's  suspension  in 
the  hands  of  the  CounciL  Not  long  after  this  Dr.  E.  H.  Kloman, 
H  '10,  told  Morgan  in  Baltimore  that  he  had  a  nephew  at  the 
University  of  Virginia  who  was  a  member  of  a  little  group  of  men 
who  might  justify  the  revival  of  Psi  chapter.  Morgan  immediately 
got  into  touch  with  the  new  auditor,  Walter  C.  Brandes,  A  '19, 
whose  headquarters  were  at  Washington.  Brandes  had  brought  to 
the  Council  a  real  enthusiasm  and  a  great  ambition  for  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa.  Among  other  things  he  was  in  favor  of  a  very  rapid  ex- 
pansion, especially  in  the  South.  It  was  therefore  natural  that  he 
should  take  up  Morgan's  suggestion  with  alacrity.  On  February  25 
he  went  to  Charlottesville,  interviewed  the  Dean  of  the  University 
and  received  full  permission  to  proceed.  Prof.  H.  E.  Jordan,  an 
honorary  member  of  Psi,  became  enthusiastic  when  the  subject 
was  broached  to  him,  and  lent  every  possible  assistance.  Brandes 
put  in  much  time  at  Charlottesville  and  took  every  precaution  to 
avoid  miscarriage.  The  initiation  took  place  in  the  ballroom  of 
the  Lambda  house  on  May  6  and  7,  1921,  Kloman  and  Morgan 
coming  over  from  Baltimore  to  be  present.  The  following  September 
the  chapter  went  into  a  rented  house  and  took  its  place  among  the 
other  fraternities  on  the  campus. 

The  revival  of  Psi  gave  to  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  the  distinction  of 
having  no  dead  chapters  "in  the  United  States".  Of  course  this 
was  good  rushing  material,  but  the  leaders  were  not  certain  that 
it  should  be  really  a  matter  for  pride.  It  raised  the  whole  question 
of  policy  as  to  chapters  which  are  incurably  anaemic. 

For  example,  what  about  the  chapter  at  Albany?  Beta  w^as 
still  the  only  general  men's  fraternity  in  the  medical  and  law 
departments  of  Union  and  suffered  all  of  the  consequences  of  such 
isolation.  Further  the  University  had  come  to  demand  two  years 
collegiate  training  for  entrance  to  the  medical  course,  and  was  on 
the  point  of  extending  the  requisite  into  the  law  school.  As  a  result 
practically  all  of  the  desirable  fraternity  men  were  already  members 
of  other  general  fraternities  upon  matriculation  and  hence  ineligible 
to  Beta.  The  situation  threatened  to  grow  constantly  more 
difficult. 

When  Lawrence  visited  Albany  late  in  1921,  the  chapter 
leaders,  Jere  J.  McEvilly  and  Harold  W.  Dargeon,  put  the  whole 
thing  up  to  him.  As  it  happened,  there  were  in  Beta  at  this  time 
four  men  who  belonged  to  a  local  at  Union  called  The  Terrace 
Club.     Lawrence  had,   too,   personal   friends  who  were  members. 


Renewal 


187 


W  IM 

Q  % 

<  S 

u  'd 

w 


188  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

This  organization  dated  back  to  1917,  and  in  1922  had  an  active 
membership  of  twenty-four  men  and  was  making  advance  payments 
upon  a  piece  of  property.  It  occurred  to  Lawrence  that  The  Terrace 
Club  offered  a  way  out  of  the  dif^culty.  He  therefore  interviewed 
the  Albany  deans,  Doctors  Lipes,  Root  and  Lyons  of  the  local 
alumni,  and  the  dean  of  Union.  He  then  visited  his  friends  at  The 
Terrace  Club.  It  was  surely  an  opportunity  to  insure  Beta  against 
the  future.  Union  offered  an  attractive  fraternity  field,  being  the 
birthplace  of  Kappa  Alpha  in  1825,  of  Psi  Upsilon  in  1833,  of  Chi 
Psi  in  1841,  and  of  other  well-known  national  fraternities,  and  yet 
not  being  crowded  with  chapters.  Beta  could  constitutionally 
initiate  The  Terrace  Club  men  as  individuals,  and  then  the  two 
groups  could  function  indefinitely  as  a  joint  chapter. 

Lawrence  had  the  proposition  put  up  to  The  Terrace  Club 
through  its  members  in  Beta,  and  presented  it  in  person  to  Lipes, 
Lyons  and  Root.  At  the  thirty-fifth  anniversary  banquet  of  Beta 
chapter,  at  which  were  also  present  Conley,  Duncan  and  Rand, 
the  matter  was  taken  up  with  the  other  alumni,  and  a  few  days 
later  Lawrence  was  directed  by  Council  and  Court,  with  the 
approbation  of  Beta,  to  go  ahead.  On  the  13th  of  May  Conle}'  and 
Lawrence  went  to  Albany  and,  with  the  assistance  of  a  team  from 
Alpha,  presided  over  the  initiation  into  Beta  chapter  of  the  twenty- 
four  Terrace  Club  men.  Thus  Beta  adapted  herself  to  new  con- 
ditions and  renewed  her  youth  in  Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 

Indeed,  the  most  significant  feature  of  the  period  under  con- 
sideration was  Lawrence's  personal  work.  Late  in  the  year  1920, 
being  in  poor  health,  he  resigned  the  business  position  in  New  \  ork 
which  he  had  held  for  several  years,  and  offered  his  services  gra- 
tuitously to  the  Fraternity.  The  offer  was  gratefully  accepted, 
and  thus  it  was  that  Lawrence  was  available  to  go  to  the  Coast  with 
Otto  to  induct  the  chapter  at  Oregon. 

In  conjunction  with  the  induction,  Otto  and  Lawrence  held 
at  Corvallis  a  district  conference  of  the  Pacific  chapters,  the  first 
conference  to  be  held  in  accordance  with  the  recent  di\'ision  of  the 
fraternity  field.  The  paramount  subject  of  this  meeting  was 
further  extension  in  the  West,  and  after  the  conference  Otto  and 
Lawrence  visited  the  far  Western  clubs  and  chapters  and  several 
colleges  where  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  was  not  represented,  to  study  the 
opportunities  first  hand.  In  fact  Lawrence  remained  on  the  Coast 
for  several  months,  regaining  his  health,  interesting  alumni  in  the 
national  Fraternity,  and  making  a  surve>'  of  the  field.  On  his 
way  home  he  visited  chapters  in  the  middle  West. 


Renewal  189 

It  was  becoming  increasingly  plain  to  Lawrence  that  the  finan- 
cial resources  of  the  Fraternity  were  ever  less  and  less  adequate 
for  its  needs.  Already  he  had  made  with  the  L.  G.  Balfour  Company 
an  exclusive  contract  for  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  badges,  all  orders 
to  be  authorized  by  the  secretary  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  thus 
insuring  a  standard  uniformity  of  badge  and  providing  a  small 
and  legitimate  royalty  to  the  National  Order  on  each  sale.  Now  he 
extended  the  contract  to  include  all  fraternity  jewelry  and  novelties. 
The  chapter  secretaries  were  provided  with  triplicate  order  blanks, 
and  the  possibilities  of  the  system,  under  proper  cooperation,  were 
indeed  great. 

In  the  fall  of  1921  Lawrence  returned  to  the  middle  West, 
visited  each  of  the  chapters  for  several  days,  and,  with  the  assistance 
of  Burrows,  Otto  and  the  Chicago  Club,  held  in  Chicago  a  district 
conference  of  the  middle  Western  chapters.  At  this  meeting  he 
presented  a  theory  of  expansion  which  he  called  Triangulation. 
Briefly  stated,  it  was  this:  that  a  prime  consideration  in  the  es- 
tablishing of  a  new  chapter  is  its  association  with  neighboring 
chapters  of  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  that  in  determining  association, 
athletic  and  social  relations  are  a  more  important  element  than 
mileage,  and  that  there  can  be  no  adequate  association  unless  there 
are  at  least  three  reciprocating  chapters.  The  delegates  liked  the 
principle,  and  Lawrence  proceeded  to  popularize  it  in  the  East. 

As  he  visited  the  various  chapters,  Lawrence  transcribed  into 
his  own  records  the  complete  list  of  signatures  to  the  constitution, 
and  against  each  its  number.  Then  he  and  Rand  checked  this 
record  against  the  secretary's  membership  index,  bringing  the  latter 
into  agreement  with  the  former.  Then  Rand  checked  this  index 
against  his  alphabetical  index,  and  thus  brought  the  personal 
records  accurately  up-to-date,  at  least  to  January  1,  1922. 
Lawrence's  own  roll  included  also  a  record  of  individual  pin  pur- 
chases through  the  Council.  His  plan  for  the  year  provided  further 
for  a  general  statistical  report  of  membership,  a  detailed  cost 
accounting  analysis  of  receipts  and  expenditures  covering  the 
period  of  his  treasurership,  a  voucher  file  with  index  together  with 
a  general  filing  system  for  his  office,  and  extensive  reports  of  his 
chapter  visitation. 

Prominent  among  the  interfraternity  societies  and  generally 
considered  a  pernicious  influence  upon  campus  politics  and  social 
life  was  an  organization  called  Theta  Nu  Epsilon.  Indeed  in  many 
institutions  it  had   been  forced  by  an  unfriendly  public  opinion 


190  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

into  sub  rosa  activity.  At  our  Albany  convention  in  1912  and 
later  at  Chicago  resolutions  were  passed  strongly  deprecating  any 
participation  in  Theta  Nu  Epsilon  by  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  men.  In 
three  of  the  middle  Western  chapters,  however,  Lawrence  found 
T  N  E  members,  and  a  consequent  lack  of  harmony  among  the 
brothers.  He  investigated  thoroughly  and  reported  back  to  the 
Council.  That  body  took  action  in  every  instance,  and  at  Min- 
nesota, where  the  offense  seemed  most  flagrant,  demanded  a  public 
renunciation  of  Theta  Nu  Epsilon.  One  of  the  men  concerned 
was  inclined  to  argue  the  matter,  and  his  case  was  submitted  to 
the  Court,  which  ruled  that  such  divided  loyalty  could  not  be 
tolerated  and  appointed  Otto  to  hold  a  hearing  in  Minneapolis. 
At  this  point,  however,  the  recalcitrant  brother  backed  down  and 
took  his  oath  to  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  Theta  Nu  Epsilon. 

In  spite  of  the  growing  personnel  of  the  Fraternity,  cases  for 
discipline  were  for  the  most  part  growing  less  in  number.  From 
1916,  when  took  place  an  expulsion  for  persistent  criminal  conduct 
along  petty  lines,  until  1922  there  was  none  reported  at  all.  In 
1922  a  Dartmouth  man  automatically  forfeited  his  membership 
by  joining  another  general  fraternity,  and  three  other  cases  of 
criminal  proclivity  were  submitted  to  the  Court  with  the  likelihood 
of  eventual  expulsion.  But  the  days  of  prosecution  for  trivial 
debts  seem  happily  over. 

Lawrence  visited  all  of  the  chapters  during  the  year  and  held 
district  conferences  at  New  York  and  Washington.  Both  confer- 
ences were  marked  by  a  deep  seriousness  and  a  genuine  enthusiasm. 
and  were  largely  attended,  not  only  by  the  active  men  but  by 
graduates  and  alumni  advisers.  At  Washington  there  were  present 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  men.  The  New  England  district 
conference  was  held  in  Amherst,  under  the  auspices  of  Rand,  in 
December  1921.  The  whole  idea  of  district  conferences  had  im- 
mediately justified  itself  in  the  eyes  of  the  participants,  not  onl\" 
for  the  values  accruing  from  debate,  but  also  for  those  incident  to 
a  closer  association  and  cooperation  among  the  various  chapters, 
and  between  them  and  the  national  body. 

The  office  of  alumni  adviser  was  provided  for  in  1912  and  some 
incumbents  were  appointed,  but  it  was  not  until  after  the  war  that 
the  plan  was  really  followed  up.  The  idea  was  that  there  should 
be  for  each  chapter  a  local  alumnus,  appointed  by  the  Council 
to  act  as  its  deputy  and  keep  as  close  an  eye  upon  the  actix'ities 
of  the  chapter  as  he  should  deem  advisable.     He  was  also  to  turn 


Renewal 


191 


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192  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

in  to  the  Council  a  written  report  at  the  end  of  each  year,  and  by 
1920  these  reports  were  forthcoming  from  most  of  the  advisers. 
Moreover  the  advisers  were  pretty  generally  gotten  out  for  the 
district  conferences,  and  went  back  to  their  respective  campuses 
with  a  freshened  zeal  for  both  the  local  chapter  and  the  Fraternity 
at  large. 

Five  of  the  chapters  purchased  homes  during  this  period. 
Delta  had  owned  for  several  years  a  valuable  building  lot  in  Morgan- 
town,  but  in  1919  it  was  deemed  best  to  postpone  indefinitely 
building  upon  this  or  disposing  of  it,  and  meanwhile  to  purchase 
the  residence  in  which  the  chapter  was  then  living.  This  was  done, 
the  property  costing  $10,000,  most  of  which  was  raised  by  a 
mortgage  and  a  short  term  loan. 

The  following  year  Omega  bought.  The  chapter  had  its  eye 
upon  a  beautiful  home  which  its  owner,  a  mining  man,  being 
temporarily  hard  pressed  for  cash,,  was  willing  to  sell  at  a  real 
sacrifice.     In  the  words  of  Don  E.  Mohn : 

"He  offered  to  sell  for  $27,500,  but  wanted  cash  for 
it.  We  were  discouraged  of  course,  for  it  was  impossible 
for  us  to  raise  the  amount.  About  this  time,  however, 
an  angel  in  the  form  of  Brother  Donogh's  mother  came 
to  us  and  offered  her  assistance.  Mrs.  Donogh  made 
the  business  transaction  for  us  and  furnished  the  neces- 
sary capital.  She  bargained  with  the  owner  and  finally 
purchased  the  place  for  $22,250.  The  bank  offered  to 
carry  a  mortgage  for  $15,000,  which  left  us  only  $7,250 
to  raise." 

This  amount  was  secured  within  a  few  months,  by  assessment 
and  loans  without  interest  among  the  active  members,  and  by 
subscriptions  and  loans  by  alumni.  In  January  1922  this  house 
suffered  a  serious  loss  from  fire,  but  the  chapter  was  fully  protected 
by  insurance. 

In  1921  Nu  joined  the  ranks  of  property  owners.  She  pur- 
chased a  commodious  residence  (thirty  rooms  and  four  baths) 
located  on  a  two-acre  lot  in  what  is  known  as  "Millionaires'  Row". 
There  is  also  a  two  story  garage  with  accommodations  for  eight 
automobiles.  The  proposition  was  handled  in  much  the  usual 
way,  by  a  mortgage  and  \%  bonds  among  the  alumni.  The  deal 
was  largely  carried  through  by  Henry  R.  Walters,  alumni  ad\iser 
of  the  chapter. 


Renewal 


193 


THE   MINNESOTA   HOUSE 
(Purchased  1922) 


194  Phi  Sigma  Iv-\ppa 

In  the  spring  of  1922  Xi  and  Beta  Deuteron  effected  purchases. 
At  Canton  th§  situation  was  in  the  hands  of  Ralph  Hastings, 
Floyd  G.  Hitchcock  and  Blaine  Gilday.  A  piece  of  property  was 
secured  for  S45U0  with  the  understanding  that  extensive  renovations 
should  be  made  and  that  the  L  ni\"ersity  should  take  a  mortgage 
of  not  o\'er  S7250  on  property'  and  improvements  in  order  that 
the  project  might  be  successfully  carried  out. 

The  Minnesota  chapter  had  been  contemplating  bu>'ing  its 
rented  home  for  several  >'ears,  but  the  war  interrupted  all  such 
plans.  It  was  not  until  November  1919,  therefore,  that  a  contract 
was  signed  under  which  the  chapter  was  to  pay  $1000  cash  and  the 
next  $2500  in  regular  installments,  when  the  deed  should  be  turned 
over  and  the  remaining  $6000  be  carried  on  as  a  mortgage.  In 
April  1922  the  property  thus  became  legally  the  fraternity's,  in 
the  name  of  The  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  Club  of  Minneapolis. 

So  by  the  end  of  the  half-century  nineteen  of  the  thirty-one 
chapters  are  owners  of  their  homes;  three — Ames,  Michigan  and 
Nevada — own  desirable  lots  and  plan  to  build  in  the  near  future; 
and  two  or  three  of  the  others  have  definite  projects  in  view. 
Herein  one  may  find  a  symbol  of  the  permanence  of  the  Order. 

Some  mention  may  properly  be  made  of  a  situation  which  came 
to  a  head  at  Franklin  &  Marshall  during  the  winter  of  1919-1920. 
It  seems  that  in  1916  a  chapter  of  Delta  Sigma  Phi  made  an  un- 
expected and  unwelcome  appearance  upon  the  campus,  and  the 
established  fraternities  declined  to  recognize  it,  even  after  it  had 
been  officially  recognized  by  the  faculty.  Dissension  simmered 
for  three  years,  until,  in  the  fall  of  1919,  a  brutal  hazing  of  a  Delta 
Sigma  Phi  man  brought  the  trouble  before  the  public  and  resulted 
in  reference  to  the  Interfraternity  Conference.  Conley  appointed 
Mclntyre  to  represent  Phi  Sigma  Kappa.  Mclntyre  visited 
Franklin  &  Marshall  twice  during  the  winter,  and  upon  his  second 
visit  persuaded  the  Pi  men  to  present  to  the  local  interfraternity 
conference  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  they,  at  least,  were  pre- 
pared to  let  bygones  be  bygones  and  admit  the  Delta  Sigma  Phi 
chapter  to  the  conference.  The  other  fraternities  agreed,  and  thus 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa  took  the  lead  in  settling  an  unpleasant  quarrel 
which  had  bafifled  the  college  faculty  for  nearh-  four  years. 

Mention  should  also  be  made  of  a  \ery  serious  situation 
which  developed  at  Yale  as  a  result  of  the  reorganization  of  the 
Sheffield  School  into  a  department  of  the  l'ni\ersity.  Among 
other  things  the  course  was  changed  from  three  to  four  years,  but 


Renewal 


195 


THE    ST.   LAWRENCE   HOUSE 

(Purchased  1922) 


freshmen  were  declared  ineligible  for  fraternities.  Thus  there  was 
no  rushing  at  all  during  1920-1921.  Furthermore  the  reorgan- 
ization resulted  in  a  smaller  Sheffield  enrollment  from  which  the 
fraternities  might  draw  so  that  when  rushing  was  resumed,  the 
newer,  smaller  chapters,  Epsilon  being  one,  found  themselves  hard 
pressed  for  men.  Prof.  Carl  F.  Schreiber,  however,  induced  the 
New  York  alumni  to  subsidize  the  chapter  for  two  years,  during 
which  time  it  is  hoped  that  conditions  may  improve. 

A  number  of  petitions  for  charter  came  before  the  Council 
of  1920-1922.  The  officers  had  made  a  rather  careful  survey  of 
the  fraternity  field,  and  many  of  the  petitions,  or  inquiries  looking 
toward  petition,  had  to  be  discouraged  at  the  start  as  obviously 
not  fitting  into  any  scheme  of  expansion  save  that  of  indiscriminate 
growth.  One  petition  was  passed  upon  favorably  by  both  Council 
and  Court  in  the  spring  of  1922.  This  was  from  a  society,  called 
Apres  la  Guerre,  in  the  University  of  Washington.  It  was  a  youth- 
ful organization,  originally  made  up  wholly  of  service  men,  but 
was  most  ardently  backed  by  the  Seattle  Club  and  had  sufficient 
prestige    to    secure    the    honorary   membership    of    Marshal    Focli 


196  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

when  the  illustrious  Frenchman  was  touring  this  country.  This 
petition,  at  least,  will  come  up  before  the  1922  convention.  While 
-at  Chicago  attending  the  1920  convention  the  Council  received  a 
telegraphic  petition  from  The  Embacadero  Club  of  Stanford 
University.  Otto  and  Lawrence  investigated  this  first  hand  when 
in  the  West,  found  a  condition  very  unfavorable  to  locals,  but 
felt  that  The  Embacadero  Club  had  the  makings  of  a  strong  chapter 
in  a  desirable  university.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  President 
Wilbur  of  Stanford,  if  not  actually  antagonistic  to  fraternities,  was 
at  least  uncooperative  until  1920,  when  a  so-called  Stanford  Com- 
mittee of  the  Interfraternity  Conference  took  up  the  matter  with 
him  and  so  thoroughly  converted  him  to  the  Greek  letter  idea 
that  when  the  Embacadero  Club  presented  another  petition  in 
1922,  he  personally  wrote  to  the  Council  in  recommendation. 
Other  petitions  to  reach  formal  proportions  during  the  summer  of 
1922  were  one  from  Phi  Delta  Tau  of  the  Kansas  State  College, 
a  sturdy  group  of  men  organized  in  1918  and  strongly  backed  by 
Professor  Harry  B.  Winchester,  FA  '16,  and  one  from  Phi  Alpha 
Chi  of  the  Ohio  State  University. 

Some  record  should  be  made  of  the  death  of  two  former 
presidents  of  the  Grand  Chapter:  Happel,  who  died  December  10, 
1920,  and  Loughran,  who  died  August  5,  1922. 

It  should  also  be  noted  that  alumni  clubs,  chartered  and  un- 
chartered, were  increasingly  active  during  this  period,  largely 
through  periodic  informal  luncheons,  and  that  a  charter  was 
granted  to  the  alumni  of  Milwaukee. 

Thus  without  flourish  or  climax  this  history  draws  up  to  the 
autumn  of  1922.  A  desire  to  have  it  ready  for  distribution  at  the 
semi-centennial  convention  in  Washington  has  necessitated  a  gap 
of  five  months  in  the  last  year  of  the  half-century.  That  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  has  become  a  permanent  establishment  should  be  ob^•ious 
to  all.  That  its  progress  has  been  made  along  no  primrose  path 
should  be  likewise  clear.  There  are  no  short  cuts  to  eminence  in 
fraternal  evolution.  By  both  our  successes  and  our  failures  we 
must  learn.  And  so  these  annals  close,  as  all  such  annals  should 
close,  with  mingled  pride  and  humility  in  our  past,  but  with  a 
great  and  growing  faith  in  our  future. 


Renewal 


197 


FRANK    PRENTICE    RAND 


APPENDIX 


THE  EXOTERIC  CONSTITUTION 

The  Preamble 

Since  the  beginning  of  humanity  men  have  associated  them- 
selves together  in  societies,  sodahties,  or  fraternities  because  of 
their  inherent  needs.  In  college  and  university  life,  the  student 
fresh  from  home  circles  and  influences  is  lost  in  a  new  world ;  he  is 
without  a  home,  though  abiding  in  a  room  and  with  perhaps  a  mate. 
In  the  early  part  of  this  century,  as  a  protest  against  the  lack  of 
literary  culture  and  to  cater  to  the  social  needs  of  the  students, 
there  was  inaugurated  a  system  of  secret  societies  which  has  become 
a  series  of  fraternities  whose  true  beneficence  is  that  they  are  homes. 
They  promote  the  student's  welfare;  keep  him  up  to  the  work  laid 
out  in  the  curriculum,  and  save  him  in  many  instances  from  doing- 
rash  acts  which  might  jeopardize  his  college  career;  the  culture 
which  naturally  comes  from  associating  with  those  older  and  of 
greater  experience  he  receives;  intellectual  training  is  not  neglected; 
in  sickness  he  is  tenderly  cared  for;  but  the  greatest  good  of  all  is 
that  given  by  the  fraternal  spirit  which  exists  in  all  true  homes  and 
all  true  religions,  and  without  which  a  fraternity  is  not  what  its 
name  indicates.  "Whatsoever  ye  would  that  men  should  do  to 
you,  do  ye  even  so  to  them."  The  benefits  and  responsibilities 
extend  into  after-college  life;  the  brothers  of  the  college  home, 
scattered  the  world  over,  are  constantly  meeting  brethren;  visiting 
other  institutions  of  learning,  they  find  branches  of  the  same  home; 
returning  to  their  Alma  Mater,  the  dear  old  fraternity  is  ready  with 
a  warm  welcome  tendered  by  its  active  members.  The  government 
is  vested  in  the  graduates,  and  a  close  watch  of  conditions  and 
affairs  is  kept.  Available  funds  are  devoted  to  the  promotion  of 
the  comfort  and  welfare  of  those  in  college.  The  secrecy  that  is 
maintained  is  not  wrongful,  but  of  benefit,  it  is  the  secrecy  that 
covers  the  true  home,  whose  objects  all  know,  but  whose  methods 
are  private  and  sacred  rights. 

We,  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  X,  founded  March  15,  1873, 
in  convention  regularly  assembled  and  represented,  do  solemnly, 
mutually,  and  fraternally  constitute  ourselves  into  three  degrees: 

201 


202  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

THE  FIRST  to  consist  of  Chapters  in  Institutions  of  Learning ;  the 
SECOND  to  be  known  as  The  Grand  Chapter,  in  which  shall  be  vested 
the  legislative  and  executive  powers;  and  the  third  to  be  known  as 
The  Degree  of  Honor,  from  which  shall  be  organized  the  Supreme 
Court,  with  powers  herein  specified. 

The  functions,  powers,  and  privileges  of  these  three  degrees 
WE  do  hereby  ordain  to  be  as  stated  in  the  following  parts: 

I.     The  First  Degree:    Chapters  in  Institutions  of  learning. 
II.     The  Second  Degree:    The  Grand  Chapter. 

III.  The  Third  Degree:    The  Degree  of  Honor. 

IV.  Grand  Seal,   Emblems,   Colors,    Taxes,    Solicitation   of 
Funds,  Secret  Portions,  Amendments,  Headquarters. 

PART  THE  FIRST 

The  First  Degree 
Chapters  in  Institutions  of  Learning 

On  petition  of  six  or  more  male  students  of  any  college,  uni- 
versity, or  technical  institution  of  learning,  any  general  convention, 
on  the  basis  of  recommendation  of  the  Council  and  Supreme  Court, 
and  the  payment  of  a  charter  fee  of  one  hundred  dollars,  may  grant 
to  said  petitioners  a  charter,  printed  from  the  Fraternity's  plate, 
engrossed  with  the  nam^  of  the  charter  members,  and  signed  by 
the  Recorder  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Council. 

Provided,  however,  that  notice  of  any  said  petition  shall  have 
been  sent  to  each  chapter  prior  to  the  convention  at  which  said 
petition  is  considered. 

PART  THE  SECOND 

The  Second  Degree 
The  Grand  Chapter 

In  the  matter  of  the  Incorporation 

of  the  Grand  Chapter  of  the 

Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 

We,  the  subscribers,  all  of  whom  are  pf  full  age  and  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  and  the  majority  of  whom  are  also  citizens 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  do  hereby  associate  ourselves  together 
in  pursuance  of  Chapter  267  of  the  Laws  of  1875  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  entitled:  "An  act  for  the  incorporation  of  societies  or 


The  Exoteric  Constitution  20o 

clubs  for  certain  lawful  purposes,"  and  the  several  acts  amendatory 
thereof  and  supplementary  thereto,  and  do  hereby  certify  as 
follows : 

I.  This  society  shall  be  known  as  "The  Grand  Chapter  of 
the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa." 

II.  The  principal  business  of  such  society  shall  be  to  promote 
morality,  learning,  and  social  culture  among  the  members  of  said 
society,  and  to  take  charge  of  its  property  and  business  interests. 

III.  The  principal  office  of  such  society  shall  be  located  in 
the  City  of  New  York. 

IV.  The  number  of  trustees  to  manage  the  affairs  of  such 
society  shall  be  six,  and  the  names  of  the  trustees  of  such  society 
for  the  first  year  of  its  existence  shall  be  Joseph  F.  Barrett,  Samuel 
E.  Armstrong,  John  A.  Cutter,  William  E.  Greenawalt,  W.  L. 
Camden,  and  Frederick  R.  Huse. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals, 
this         day  of  ,1893.* 

Joseph  F.  Barrett,  Samuel  E.  Armstrong,  John  A.  Cutter, 
William  E.  Greenawalt,  Alvan  L.  Fowler,  Charles  S.  Howe, 
Wilson  L.  Camden,  Joseph  E.  Root,  William  P.  Brooks,  Henry 
Hague,  Edwin  F.  Hartley,  W.  H.  Happel,  Charles  E.  Davis, 
Peter  A.  Delaney,  Fred  R.  Huse,  Harry  K.  Chase,  James  H. 
Hutchens. 

Endorsement: 

I  hereby  approve  of  the  within  certificate  as  to  form  and 
sufficiency.  George  L.  Ingraham. 

Filed  and  recorded  in  office  of  Secretary  of  State  of  State  of 
New  York,  June  12,  1894,  in  Book  27,  at  Page  411. 


Article  i. 
Members  and  Their  Organization  Into  Clubs 

Section  1.  The  Grand  Chapter  shall  consist  of  members  of 
the  first  degree  whose  class  has  been  graduated,  or  who  hold  or  have 
held  the  office  of  president  in  their  Chapter,  providing,  however, 
that  the  dues  of  such  members  to  their  local  Chapter  have  been 
fully  paid. 

Sec.  2.  On  petition  of  six  or  more  members  of  the  Grand 
Chapter  for  a  charter  as  a  club,  and  the  payment  of  a  fee  of  ten 

*Signed  at  various  dates. 


204  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

dollars,  the  Supreme  Court,  upon  a  majority  recommendation 
from  the  Council,  may  grant  to  said  petitioners  a  charter,  printed 
from  the  Fraternity's  plate,  engrossed  with  the  names  of  the 
charter  members,  and  signed  by  the  Recorder  of  the  Supreme  Court 
and  the  Secretary  of  the  Council;  and  such  clubs  may  be  incor- 
porated and  hold  property. 

The  Constitution  of  said  Clubs  shall  be  as  follows: 

Preamble 
We,  the  undersigned,  members  of  the  Grand  Chapter  of  the 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  X,  feeling  the  need  of  an  organization  to 
bring  us  closer  together  in  our  after-college  life,  to  promote  the 
interests  of  the  Fraternity,  and  to  protect  our  rights  as  to  amending 
the  Constitution  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  X,  do  consent  to 
be  governed  by  the  following  Constitution  and  By-Laws,  and  agree 
to  abide  by  the  *  of  the  *  as  established  by  the  Grand  Chapter. 


A  Hide  A . —  Name 
The  name  of  this  society  shall  be  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  Club 


of. 


A  rticle  B. — Member  ship 
Any  member  of  the  Grand   Chapter  in  good  standing  may 
join  this  Club  by  paying  the  annual  dues. 

Article  C. — Officers 
The  officers  of  this  Club  shall  be  the  President,  \'ice-President, 
Secretary,  Treasurer,  Auditor  and  Marshal,  who  individually  shall 
perform  the  duties  ordinarily  devolving  upon  such  officers  and 
collectively  shall  act  as  a  Board  of  Governors;  the  Club  may  add 
such  members  to  this  Board  of  Governors  as  its  affairs  may  justify. 
All  such  Officers  and  Governors  shall  be  elected  by  ballot  for  such 
term  as  is  provided  by  the  By-Laws  of  this  Club  at  the  annual 
meeting  to  be  held  on  or  about  the  loth  day  of  March. 

Article  D. — .4 mcudmeiits 
Section  1.     This  Constitution  ma>'  be  amended  according  to 
Part  IV.,  Article  VIL  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa, 

Sec.  2.     The  Club  may  enact  by-laws  not  conflicting  with  this 
Constitution. 


The  Exoteric  Constitution  205 

A  rticle  E. — Reports 

This  Club  shall  file  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Council  annually 
on  the  first  day  of  June,  a  report  of  the  work  done  and  the  condition 
of  the  Club. 

Article  ii. 

The  Legislative  Power 

Section  1.  The  legislative  power  shall  be  vested  in  the 
General  Convention,  composed  of  members  of  the  Grand  Chapter 
and  delegates  of  Chapters;  and  said  Convention  shall  meet  bi- 
ennially in  a  place  to  be  chosen  by  previous  General  Convention, 
between  the  first  day  of  June  and  the  first  day  of  December  on  a 
certain  date  to  be  determined  by  the  Council;  notice  thereof  shall 
be  given  to  the  Chapters  and  to  members  of  the  Grand  Chapter 
not  later  than  two  (2)  weeks  before  the  holding  of  said  Convention. 
Such  place  may  be  changed  by  the  Council  with  the  concurrence  of 
a  majority  of  the  Chapters. 

Sec.  2.  The  delegates  of  Chapters  shall  be  in  the  proportion 
of  one  to  ten  members,  and  an  additional  delegate  for  an  excess 
over  the  nearest  even  multiple  of  ten  of  more  than  five  members; 
provided  that  in  case  a  Chapter  should  have  more  than  five  but  less 
than  ten  members  a  delegate  shall  be  granted  such  Chapter. 

Sec.  3.  No  proxies  shall  be  allowed  except  to  Chapters  that 
are  more  than  one  hundred  miles  from  the  place  of  convention,  in 
which  case  one  delegate  present  may  vote  the  representation  to 
which  this  Chapter  is  entitled. 

Sec.  4.  No  member  of  the  Grand  Chapter  or  delegate  may 
vote  if  he  or  his  constituency  is  in  arrears  to  the  Grand  Chapter  or 
under  suspension  by  the  Supreme  Court. 

Sec.  5.     Six  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

Sec.  6.  The  order  of  exercises  in  General  Convention  shall  be 
as  follows: 

Call  to  order. 

Examination  of  certificates  of  delegates  and  members. 

Historian's  report. 

Treasurer's  report. 

Auditor's  report. 

Inductor's  report. 

Council's  report. 

Supreme  Court's  report. 

Reports  of  delegates  of  Chapters. 


206  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Reports  of  representatives  of  Clubs. 

Miscellaneous  business. 

Election  of  Council. 

Election  of  Supreme  Court. 

Choice  of  place  of  next  convention. 

Reading  of  the  records  of  convention,  for  correction. 

Any  other  business. 

Adjournment. 

Sec.  7.     All  reports  shall  be  in  writing. 

Sec.  8.  The  officers  of  the  General  Convention  shall  be  those 
of  the  Council  whom  the  General  Convention  shall  elect,  as  herein 
provided. 

Sec.  9.  The  General  Convention  shall  have  power  to  make 
laws  for  the  promotion  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  X,  and  the 
government  of  the  same,  in  so  far  as  they  do  not  conflict  with  the 
spirit  and  letter  of  this  Constitution,  and  to  annul  the  charter  of  a 
Chapter  or  of  a  Club. 

Sec.  10.  Special  conventions  may  be  called  by  the  Council, 
and  shall  be  called  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  Chapters,  to 
enact  such  laws  and  to  transact  such  special  business  as  shall  not 
conflict  with  this  Constitution.  Such  special  conventions  shall 
organize  and  represent  the  Fraternity,  as  provided  herein  for 
General  Conventions. 

Article  hi. 

The  Executive  Power 

Section  1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  Council 
of  six  members  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  elected  by  ballot  at  the 
General  Convention,  to  serve  till  the  adjournment  of  the  next 
General  Convention,  or  until  their  successors  qualify.  The  Council 
shall  maintain  the  Constitution,  execute  the  laws  of  the  Con\-entions, 
issue  such  publications  as  may  be  needed,  keep  a  constant  ad\'isory 
supervision  of  the  condition  of  the  Chapters  and  Clubs,  and  hll 
any  vacancies  which  may  occur  in  Itself. 

Sec.  2.  The  names  and  special  duties  of  the  members  of  the 
Council  shall  be  as  follows: 

(a)  The  President  shall  preside  over  the  Council  and  Con- 
vention and  shall  be  a  member  of  all  Committees. 

{h)  The  Vice-President  shall  preside  o\er  the  Council  and 
Conventions  In  the  absence  of  the  President,  and  shall  vise  the 
credentials  of  delegates  and  members  at  Conventions. 


The  Exoteric  Constitution  207 

(c)  The  Secretary-Historian  shall  act  as  the  Correspondent 
of  the  Council,  Recorder  at  Conventions,  and  Historian  of  the 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa. 

{d)  The  Treasurer  shall  handle  the  funds  of  the  Grand 
Chapter,  subject  to  the  order  of  the  Council. 

(e)     The  Auditor  shall  pass  on  the  Treasurer's  accounts. 

(/)  The  Inductor  shall  supervise  the  institution  of  new 
Chapters  and  Clubs. 

PART  THE  THIRD 

The  Third  Degree 
The  Degree  of  Honor  and  the  Supreme  Court 

Article  i. 

Members 

The  Founders  of  the  T  \  X  and  past  elective  officers  of  the 
Grand  Chapter  shall  constitute  the  Third  Degree,  the  Fraternity's 
Roll  of  Honor,  from  which  body  shall  be  organized  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Article  ii. 

Organization 

Section  1.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  consist  of  six  members, 
four  of  whom  shall  be  residents  of  the  city  of  New  York  or  its 
convenient  vicinity,  to  be  elected  at  a  General  Convention  and  to 
serve  until  the  adjournment  of  the  next  General  Convention  or 
until  their  successors  qualify. 

Sec.  2.  From  and  of  itself  it  shall  elect  a  Chancellor  and  a 
Recorder. 

Sec.  3.  In  case  of  vacancy  or  vacancies,  the  remaining  mem- 
bers of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  fill  same;  if  the  Supreme  Court 
shall  be  without  members,  two  members  of  the  Third  Degree  shall 
issue  in  writing  a  five  days'  notice  of  a  meeting  of  the  members  of 
said  degree  to  be  held  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  at  such  meeting 
the  members  present  shall  by  ballot  elect  the  six  members  of  the 
Court. 

Sec.  4.  The  vote  of  four  members  shall  be  necessary  to  decide 
all  matters  before  the  Court. 

Sec.  5.  No  member  shall  hold  position  on  the  Council  and 
on  the  Supreme  Court  at  the  same  time. 


208  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

*  Article  hi. 

Poivers  of  the  Supreme  Court 

Section  1.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  recommend  to  the 
General  Convention  for  charters  to  chapters  upon  a  majority 
recommendation  from  the  Council. 

Sec.  2a.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  power  to  recommend 
to  convention  for  election  to  honorary  membership  those  names 
submitted  to  it  with  recommendation  by  the  Council. 

Sec.  2b.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  power  to  confirm 
elections  to  graduate,  and  former  student  membership  upon  a 
majority  recommendation  from  the  Council. 

Sec.  3.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  power  to  appoint  in 
writing  a  commissioner  or  commissioners  to  act  in  its  place  and 
stead  whenever  it  shall  be  deemed  necessary  or  expedient;  said 
commissioner  or  commissioners  shall  with  all  convenient  speed 
report  the  testimony,  with  his  or  their  opinion  thereon,  to  the 
Court  for  final  action. 

Sec.  4.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  power  to  issue  siib- 
pcenas  for  the  attendance  of  witnesses,  and  subpoenas  duces  tecum 
for  the  production  of  records  and  other  papers,  before  itself  or 
its  commissioner  or  commissioners. 

Sec.  5.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  power  to  draw  upon 
the  Treasurer  of  the  Grand  Chapter  for  any  expenses  incurred  by 
itself  or  its  commissioner  or  commissioners  in  the  discharge  of  the 
functions  of  the  Court. 

Sec.  6.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  jurisdiction  on  all 
matters  of  discipline  and  expulsion  of  members  after  formal  accusa- 
tion and  indictment  by  a  majority  of  the  Council. 

Sec.  7.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  be  the  tribunal  of  highest 
appeal  and  final  resort  on  any  matter  referred  to  it  by  a  majority 
of  the  Council,  provided  that  upon  any  issue  to  be  presented  to 
said  Court  the  minority  of  the  Council  may  present  their  report 
for  adjudication  and  determination  by  said  tribunal. 

Article  iv. 

Expulsion,  Procedure  in 

Two  members  of  any  Chapter  ma\-  prefer  charges  against  a 
member  of  said  Chapter  to  the  Council  upon  matters  of  discipline 
and  expulsion.  The  Council  may  prefer  charges  against  any 
member  of  the  Fraternity  upon  matters  of  discipline  and  expulsion. 


The  Exoteric  Constitution  209 

A  copy  of  charges,  with  notice  of  time  set  for  investigation  of 
same,  shall  be  served  on  the  accused  not  less  than  thirty  days  before 
time  of  trial,  provided  that  in  case  personal  service  cannot  after 
due  diligence  be  made,  notice  may  be  served  by  mailing  a  copy  there- 
of to  his  last  known  place  of  abode  and  by  such  other  means  as  the 
Supreme  Court  may  direct.  Such  service  shall  be  deemed  equivalent 
for  jurisdictional  purposes  to  personal  service. 

Accused  shall  have  right  of  defence  by  counsel  chosen  from 
members  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T   \  X. 

PART  THE  FOURTH 

Grand  Seal,  Emblems,  Colors,  Taxes,  Solicitation  of  Funds, 
Secret  Portions,  Amendments,  Headquarters 

Article  i. — Grand  Seal 

The  Grand  Seal  shall  be  as  follows,*  *  *  and  no  other  seal 
shall  be  allowed;  it  shall  be  used  on  all  official  papers  of  the  Council. 

Article  ii. — Emblems. 

The  Emblems  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  -L,  shall  be  an 
onyx  ring  with  oval-shaped  stone  in  which  are  cut  T^  X;  and  a 
pin  of  the  Greek  $SK,  the  S  to  the  left,  the  K  to  the  right,  the  $ 
superimposing  the  two.  (Authorized  by  1908  Convention — The 
official  pin  shall  consist  of  a  crown  set  <l>  of  fifteen  (15)  whole  pearls 
on  a  rose  engraved  and  rose  finished  chased  gold  S  and  K.  In 
dimensions,  the  total  length  to  be  seventeen  (17)  millimeters  and 
the  total  height  ten  and  one  half  (10^)  millimeters.) 

Article  hi. — Colors 

The  Colors  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  X,  shall  be  silver 
and  magenta. 

Article  iv. — Taxes. 

Section  1.  Each  member  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  X, 
shall  pay  into  the  treasury  of  the  Grand  Chapter  fifteen  dollars, 
which  from  members  hereafter  joining  (January  1,  1921)  shall  be 
collected  at  the  time  of  initiation,  of  which  not  to  exceed  ten  dollars 
is  to  be  used  in  publishing  The  Signet.  No  other  tax  on  the  members 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Grand  Chapter  shall  be  assessed. 


210  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Sec.  2.  Money  due  from  active  members  of  the  Chapters  to 
the  Grand  chapter  shall  be  collected  by  the  Treasurers  of  the 
respective  Chapters,  and  shall  be  by  them  turned  over  to  the 
Treasurer  of  the  Grand  Chapter  at  the  close  of  each  *  *  *  * 

Article  v. — Solicitation  of  Fimds 

No  chapter  or  member  shall  solicit  funds  outside  of  the  active 
membership  in  Chapters,  except  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Council. 

Article  vi. — Secret  Portio?2s 

The  secret  portions  of  this  Constitution  shall  be  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  Chapters;  and  any  laws  the  Conventions  may  make 
as  secret  shall  be  so  regarded  and  treated. 

Article  vii. — Amendments 

This  Constitution  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  T^  -L,  may  be 
amended  by  two-thirds  vote  of  a  General  Convention  and  the 
concurrence  of  three  quarters  of  the  Chapters. 

Article  viii. —  Headqtcarters 

The  headquarters  of  the  Fraternity  shall  be  in  the  City  of 
New  York. 


THE  GRAND  CHAPTER 

Conventions  and  Officers 
First  meeting,  June  19,  1878,  Amherst 

Presiding  officer — Clay,  Founder 

President — Charles  Sumner  Howe 
Secretary-treasurer — Alvan  L.  Fowler 

Second  meeting,  June  24,  1879,  Amherst 

President — Charles  Sumner  Howe 
Secretary-treasurer — Alvan  L.  Fowler 
Historian — William  C.  Parker 

Third  Meeting,  June  22,  1881,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Secretary-treasurer — Burton  A.  Kinney 
Historian — Peter  M.  Harwood 

Fourth  meeting,  June  19,  1883,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Secretary-treasurer — Elisha  A.  Jones 
Historian — Peter  M.  Harwood 

Fifth  meeting,  June  22,  1885,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Secretary-treasurer — John  Ashburton  Cutter 
Historian — John  Ashburton  Cutter 

Sixth  meeting,  June  21,  1886,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Vice-president — ^Alvan  L.  Fowler 
Secretary-treasurer— William  C.  Parker 
Historian — John  Ashburton  Cutter 

211 


212  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Seventh  meeting,  June  20,  1887,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Vice-president — Arthur  A.  Brigham 
Secretary-treasurer — WilHam  C.  Parker 
Historian — John  Ashburton  Cutter 

First  convention,  June  18,  1888,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Vice-president — Brigham,  Pi  *'78 
Secretary-treasurer — Duncan,  Pi  '86 
Historian — Cutter,  Pi  '82 

Second  convention,  March  22,  1889,  New  York 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Vice-president — Hutchens,  Alden  March  t'86 
Secretary-treasurer-historian — Cutter,  Pi  '82 
Marshal — Delaney,  Gamma  '89 

Third  convention,  October  25,  1889,  New  York 

President — Fowler,  Pi  '80 

Vice-president — Hutchens,  Alden  March  '86 

Secretary-treasurer-historian — Cutter,  Pi  '82 

Marshal — Delaney,  Gamma  '89 

Auditor — Parker,  Pi  '80 

Special  convention,  June  16 — 17,  1890,  Amherst 
Fourth  convention,  February  20,  1891,  Albany 

President — Happel,  Alden  March  '90 
Vice-president — ^Delaney,  Gamma  '89 
Secretary-treasurer-historian — Cutter,  Pi  '82 
Marshal — Bayard,  Alden  March  '89 
Auditor — Parker,  Pi  '80 
Inductor — Le  Fevre,  Alden  March  '91 

Fifth  convention,  December  1,  1892,  Ithaca 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Vice-president — Armstrong,  B  '85 

*0r  Alpha 

tOr  Beta 


The  Grand  Chapter  213 

Secretary-historian — Cutter,  A  '82 
Treasurer — Greenawalt,  F  '87 
Auditor — Camden,  A  '92 
Inductor — Huse,  A  '89 

Sixth  convention,  June  19,  1893,  Amherst 

President — Barrett,  Founder 
Vice-president — Armstrong,  B  '85 
Secretary-historian — Cutter,  A  '82 
Treasurer — Greenawalt,  F  '87 
Auditor — Camden,  A  '92 
Inductor — Huse,  A  '89 

Seventh  convention,  June  22,  1894,  New  Haven 

President — Armstrong,  B  '85 

Vice-president — Barrett,  Founder,  Root,  A  '76 

Secretary-historian — Cutter,  A  '82 

Treasurer — Greenawalt,  F  '87 

Auditor — Camden,  A  '92 

Inductor— Huse,  A  '89,  Price,  E  '93 

Eighth  convention,  June  30,  1896,  New  York 

President— Vogel,  F  '91 
Vice-president — Jones,  A  '94 
Secretary-historian — Cutter,  A  '82 
Treasurer — Greenawalt,  F  '87 
Auditor— Loughran,  B  '90,  Hackett,  E  '93 
Inductor — Price,  E  '93,  Loughran,  B  '90 

Ninth  convention,  November  11 — ^12,  1898,  New  York 

President — Loughran,  B  '90 
Vice-president — Thompson,  A  '72 
Secretary — Vogel,  F  '91 
Treasurer — Duggan,  Z  '90 
Auditor — Barrett,  Founder 
Inductor — Cutter,  A  '82 

Tenth  convention,  May  18 — 19,  1900,  Morgantown 

President — Cutter,  A  '82 
Vice-president — ^Murray,  H  '94 


214 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


Secretary — Vogel,  r  '91 
Treasurer — -Thompson,  A  '72 
Auditor — Arnold,  A  '96 
Inductor — Barrett,  Founder 


Eleventh  convention,  November  14 — 15,  1902,  Washington 


Council 

President — Worm,  Z  '98 
Vice-president — Sullivan,  A  '00 
Secretary — Ackerman,  F  '01 

Goff,  e  '01 
Treasurer — Farquhar,  M  '02 
Auditor — Wachter,  I  '99 
Inductor — ^Rich,  Z  '97 


Court 

Barrett,  Founder,  Chancellor 
Cutter,  A  '82,  Recorder 

Thompson,  A  '72 
Vogel,  r  '91 
Arnold,  A  '96 
Murray,  H  '94 


Twelfth  convention,  October  21 — 22,  1904,  Philadelphia 
Council  Court 


President — Vogel,  F  '91 
Vice-president — Ranson,  H  '02 
Secretary — Goff,  0  '01 
Treasurer — Mclntyre,  M  '04 
Auditor— Wachter,  I  '99 
Inductor — Curtis.  F  '03 


Barrett,  Founder,  Chancellor 
Fowler,  A  '80,  Recorder 
Thompson,  A  '72,  Recorder 
Arnold,  A  '96,  Loughran,  B  '90 
Hackett,  E  '93 
Murray,  H  '94 


Thirteenth  convention,  November  9 — 10.  1906,  Ithaca 
Council  Court 


President — Vogel,  F  '01 
Vice-president — Hartman,  11  '95 
Secretary — Dyrsen,  9  '03 
Treasurer — Mclntyre,  M  '04 
Auditor — Barnes,  E  '95 
Inductor — Lewis,  I  '01 


Barrett,  Founder,  Chancellor 
Thompson,  A  '72,  Recorder 
Hackett,  E  '93 
Goff,  e  '01 
Ranson,  H  '02 
Worm,  Z  '98 


Fourteenth  convention,  November  (>- 
Council 


■7.  1908,  Lancaster 
Court 


President — Vogel,  F  '91 
Vice-president — Boehm,  IT  '04 
Secretary — Mclntyre,  M  '04 


Thompson.  A  '(2.  Chancellor 
Goff,  B  '01.  Recorder 
Barrett,  Founder 


The  Grand  Chapter 


215 


Treasurer — McLean,  A  '06 
Auditor— McDonald,  9  '03 
Inductor — Munsell,  E  '01 


i\rmstrong,  B  '85 
Worm,  Z  '98 
Barnes,  E  '95 


Fifteenth  convention,  November  11 — 12,  1910,  Boston 
Council  Court 


President — Vogel,  T  '91 
Vice-president — Boehm,  IT  '04 
Secretary — Mclntyre,  M  '04 
Treasurer — McLean,  A  '06 
Auditor— McDonald,  0  '03 
Inductor— Munsell,  E  '01 


Armstrong,  B  '85;  Chancellor 
Goff,  e  '01,  Recorder 
Thompson,  A  '72 
Barrett,  Founder 
Root,  A  '76 
Hackett,  E  '93 


Sixteenth  convention,  November  15 — 16,  1912,  Baltimore 
Council  Court 


President— Mclntyre,  M  '04 
Vice-president — McDonald,  9  '03 
Secretary — McLean,  A  '06 
Treasurer — Morgan,  H  '07 
Auditor— Conley,  B  '91 
Inductor — Boehm,  11  '04 


Root,  A  '76,  Chancellor 
Munsell,  E  '01,  Recorder 
Barrett,  Founder 
Thompson,  A  '72 
Vogel,  r  '91 
Farquhar,  M  '00 


Seventeenth  convention,  October  15 — 17,  1914,  Albany 
Council  Court 


President — Conley,  B  '91 
Vice-president — Farquhar,  M  '00 
Secretary — Lowe,  X  '06 
Treasurer — ^Lawrence,  X  '07 
Auditor — McMahon,  9  '12 
Inductor — Boehm,  n  '04 


Root,  A  '76,  Chancellor 
Mclntyre,  M  '04,  Recorder 
Munsell,  E  '01,  Morgan,  H  '07 
Barrett,  Founder 
Thompson,  A  '72 
Vogel,  r  '91 


Western  Conclave,  September  6 — 8,  1915,  San  Francisco 

Eighteenth  convention,  November  2 — -4,  1916,  Worcester 

Council  Court 

President — Conley,  B  '91  Vogel,  T  '91,  Chancellor 

Vice-president — Burrows,  A  '03  Mclntyre,  M  '04,  Recorder 

Secretary — Lowe,X'06,Rand,X'12  Root,  A  '76 
Treasurer — Lawrence,  X  '07  Barrett,  Founder 


216 


Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


Auditor— McMahon,  9  '12 
Inductor— Banfield,  O  '07 


Thompson,  A  '72,  Lowe,  X  '06 
Morgan,  H  '07 


Nineteenth  convention,  November  11 — 13,  1920,  Chicago 


Council 

President — Conley,  B  '91 
Vice-president — Burrows,  A  '03 
Secretary — ^Rand,  X  '12 
Treasurer — Lawrence,  X  '07 
Auditor — Brandes,  A  '19 
Inductor — Otto,  A  '11 


Court 

Mclntyre,  M  '04,  Chancellor 
Morgan,  H  '07,  Recorder 
Vogel,  r  '91 
Lowe,  X  '06 
Root,  A  '76 
Farquhar,  M  '00 


Twentieth  convention,  December  27 — -30,  1922,  Washington. 


PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA 

IN 

WHO'S  WHO  IN  AMERICA 
1920 

Emmet  D.  Boyle,  HA  '99,  governor 

Charles  Blaney  Breed,  O  '97,  engineer 

Arthur  Amber  Brigham,  A  '78,  agriculturalist 

William  Penn  Brooks,  Founder,  agriculturalist 

William  G.  Brown,  A  '77,  congressman 

Albert  Franklin  Burgess,  A  '95,  entomologist 

Henry  Seidel  Canby,  E  '99,  editor 

Frederick  T.  Clark,  B  '96,  surgeon 

George  Bruce  Cortelyou,  A  '96,  ex-Secretary  of  the  Treasury 

Henry  Andrews  Cotton,  H  '99,  medical  director 

John  Ashburton  Cutter,  A  '82,  physician 

Arthur  Lyman  Dean,  E  Gd.,  college  president 

Alexander  W.  Duff,  EA  Hon.,  educator 

Stephen  Pierce  Duggan,  Z  '90,  college  professor 

Phanor  James  Eder,  Z  '99,  lawyer 

Thomas  Fell,  S  '87,  college  president 

Justus  Watson  Folsom,  AA  Hon.,  entomologist 

Hubert  Bruce  Fuller,  A  '03,  lawyer 

Hermon  C.  Gordinier,  B  Hon.,  physician 

William  J.  Hamilton,  BA  '10,  librarian 

Edwin  M.  Hartman,  11  '95,  educator 

Edwin  Werter  Higgins,  E  '97,  congressman 

Douglas  R.  Hobart,  6  '05,  mechanical  engineer 

Charles  Sumner  Howe,  A  '78,  college  president 

Albert  Ernest  Jenks,  BA  '97,  anthropologist 

Clement  Ross  Jones,  A  '94,  engineer 

Harvey  Ernest  Jordan,  ^  Hon.,  embryologist 

Albert  F.  A.  King,  A  '61,  physician 

William  Kirk,  Y  Hon.,  economist 

Archie  Howard  Kirkland,  A  '94,  entomologist 

217 


218  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Howard  Alexander  La  Moure,  B  '00,  alienist 

Harold  Strong  Latham,  9  '09,  author 

John  Adams  Lowe,  X  '06,  librarian 

John  Smith  Lowe,  H  '05,  clergyman 

Thomas  Staples  Martin,  ^  Hon.,  senator 

Herbert  Ashton  McGraw,  T  '98,  metallurgical  engineer 

Earl  Cory  Michener,  A  '03,  congressman 

Edward  Furber  Miller,  O  '98,  engineer 

Veranus  Alva  Moore,  F  Hon.,  physician 

Austin  Winfield  Morrill,  A  '00,  entomologist 

Charles  W.  Needham,  A  Hon.,  lawyer,  college  president 

Matthew  Mansfield  Neely,  A  '01,  congressman 

Frank  Lucius  Packard,  Z  Hon.,  author 

George  Amos  Parker,  A  '76,  park  superintendent 

George  Freeman  Parmenter,  A  '00,  chemist 

William  Patten,  T.  Hon.,  zoologist 

Melville  Davisson  Post,  A  '91,  author 

Benjamin  F.  Rice,  A  '95,  lawyer 

Bernard  Herman  Ridder,  6  '03,  publisher 

Edward  Van  Dyke  Robinson,  BA  '90,  economist 

Thomas  William  Salmon,  B  '99,  physician 

Robert  James  Shores,  F  '03,  editor 

Daniel  Kerfoot  Shute,  A  '84,  physician 

Ralph  Eliot  Smith,  A  '94,  plant  pathologist 

George  Edward  Stone,  A  '86,  botanist 

Edward  Kellogg  Strong,  Jr.,  Q,  '06,  psychologist 

Henry  Alvin  Vieth,  A  '01,  lawyer 

Herbert  Judson  White,  A  '87,  clergyman 

Israel  C.  White,  A  '72,  geologist 

Daniel  Willard,  A'82,  railroad  president 


THE  CHAPTER  IN  ARMS 

This  is  the  military  record  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Kappa  as  compiled 
and  submitted  by  the  various  chapters.  Since  its  appearance  in 
The  Signet  it  has  been  corrected  by  many  of  the  men  concerned. 
It  has  been  edited  somewhat  in  the  interest  of  uniformity;  the 
names  of  affiliates,  for  example,  appearing  only  under  their  original 
chapter.  It  has  been  abridged  to  the  extent  of  some  campus 
enlistments  as  indicated  on  page  171  and  of  names  unaccompanied 
by  any  detail  of  service  in  case  the  owners  did  not  respond  to  the 
editor's  personal  request  for  information.  And  it  is  supplemented 
with  data  obtained  largely  direct  from  service  men,  but  somewhat 
from  the  Signet  chapter  letters  during  the  war.  There  follows  a 
key  to  abbreviations: 

adj. -gen. adjutant  general 

A.  E.  F American  Expeditionary  Forces 

Amb.  Corps Ambulance  Corps 

C.  A Coast  Artillery 

capt. captain 

C.  E.  F Canadian  Expeditionary  Forces 

C.  I.  P Corps  Intelligence  Police 

col colonel 

comdr commander 

C.  W.  S Chemical  Warfare  Service 

Den.  Corps Dental  Corps 

D.  S.  C Distinguished  Service  Certificate 

Engrs Engineers 

ens ensign 

F.  A Field  Artillery 

G.  H.  Q General  Headquarters 

H.  A Heavy  Artillery 

Inf Infantry 

F.  A.  G Judge  Advocate  General 

It lieutenant 

1.  o.  d in  line  of  duty 

Med.  Corps Medical  Corps 

219 


220  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

M.  G.  Bn .Machine  Gun  Battalion 

M.  P Military  Police 

M.  T.  C Motor  Transport  Corps 

Ord.  Dept Ordnance  Department 

O.  T.  S Officers'  Training  School 

Q.  M.  C Quartermaster  Corps 

R.  F.  C Royal  Flying  Corps 

San.  Corps Sanitary  Corps 

S.  D Sea  Duty 

Sig.  Corps Signal  Corps 

U.  S.  N United  States  Navy  (apparently  loosely  used 

for  the  following  term) 

U.  S.  N.  R.  F United  States  Naval  Reserve_Forces 

Vet.  Corps Veterinary  Corps 

Y.  M.  C.  A Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

ALPHA 

Josiah  N.  Hall,  78,  major,  Med.  Dept. 

William  F.  Knowles,  '82,  major,  Med.  Dept. 

Daniel  Willard,  '82,  col.,  Engrs.,  Trans.  Dept. 

Harold  L.  Frost,  '95,  Red  Cross,  A.  E.  F. 

John  R.  Eddy,  '97,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Allen  N.  Swain,  '05,  Red  Cross,  A.  E.  F. 

Frederick  C.  Peters,  '07,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Roland  H.  Verbeck,  '08,  1st  It.,  Inf.  Aero  Squad.,  A.  E.  F. 

Horace  N.  Tucker,  '09,  O.  T.  S. 

Horace  W.  French,  '10,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Chellis  W.  Stockwell,  '10,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

George  P.  Nickerson,  '11,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Phileas  A.  Racicot,  '11,  1st  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

John  T.  Finnegan,  '12,  Inf. 

David  B.  Heatley,  12,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  J.  Norris,  '12,  Inf. 

Charles  C.  Pearson,  '12,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  E.  Philbrick,  '12,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Harold  F.  Jones,  '13,  F.  A. 

Roy  K.  Patch,  '13,  Med.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  H.  Chapon,  '14,  French  Army,  killed  in  action  December  30,  1914. 

Robert  N.  Demond,  '14,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Almon  M.  Edgerton,  '14,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Edward  C.  Edwards,  '14,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C. 

John  G.  Hutchinfeon,  '14,  Naval  Aviation. 

Donald  M.  Munroe,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

John  P.  Palmer,  '14,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept.,  F.  A. 

Gardner  M.  Brooks,  '15,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

John  C.  Callard,  '15,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Richard  Fuller,  '15,  2d  It.,  instructor  O.  T.  S. 

Raymond  B.  Griggs,  '15,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edwin  K.  Parker,  '15,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Merrill  C.  Patten,  '15,  Aviation. 

Albert  J.  Tonry,  '15,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  Med.  Corps. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  221 

Frank  A.  Anderson,  '16,  Naval  Aviation. 

Walter  E.  Dodge,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

John  W.  Murphy,  '16,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Philip  A.  Plaisted,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Tyler  S.  Rogers,  '16,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Frank  J.  Scheufele,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Howard  G.  Verbeck,  '16,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

David  H.  Buttrick,  '17,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Francis  G.  Edwards,  '17,  capt..  Inf. 

Paul  J.  Haaren,  '17,  1st  It.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Frank  W.  Mayo,  '17,  Inf.  O.  T.  S. 

Louis  W.  Ross,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  D.  Ruppel,  '17,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Warner  B.  Sturtevant,  '18,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  H.  Boaz,  '18,  capt.,  Inf. 

John  A.  Chapman,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Ralph  W.  Harwood,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  D.  Hawley,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Paul  F.  Hunnewell,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Douglas  H.  Huntoon,  '18,  2d  It.,  Tank  Corps. 

Philip  L.  Kirkham,  '18,  2d  It.,  San.  Corps. 

Edward  N.  Mitchell,  '18,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Addison  C.  Stowers,  '18,  F.  A. 

Richard  W.  Thorpe,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Arthur  D.  Tilton,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Wesley  R.  Warren,  '18,  U.  S.  N. 

George  W.  Anderson,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Kells  S.  Roland,  '19,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  L.  Campbell,  '19,  Italian  Amb.  Service.  Italian  War  Cross. 

Robert  D.  Chisholm,  '19,  O.  T.  S. 

James  P.  Davies,  '19,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Paul  Faxon,  '19,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Howard  M.  Goff,  '19,  instructor  Harvard  Radio  School. 

William  L.  Kimball,  '19,  It.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Elton  J.  Mansell,  '19,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  Ross,  '19,  Aviation. 

Clifford  A.  Rowe,  '19,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Clarence  P.  Whittle,  '19,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Philip  B.  Armstrong,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Donald  C.  Douglas,  '20,  Aviation. 

Charles  H.  Mallon,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Philip  S.  Newell,  '20,  C.  A. 

George  H.  Richards,  '20,  Aviation. 

Ivan  A.  Roberts,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  died  from  wounds  October  1,  1918. 

John  D.  Snow,  '20,  2d  It.,*  Aviation. 

Ralph  S.  Stedman,  '20,  O.  T.  S. 

Julius  Kroeck,  '21,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  G.  Mackintosh,  '21,  M.  G.  O.  T.  S. 

Paul  M.  Reed,  '21,  O.  T.  S. 

George  J.  Thyberg,  '21,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Wallace  L.  Whittle,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Leverett  S.  Woodworth,  '23,  It.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Gilbert  E.  Case,  '25,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Veasey  Peirce,  '25,  U.  S.  N. 

BETA 

Charles  G.  Briggs,  '89,  Red  Cross,  A.E.F.,  Croix  de  Guerre,  died  March  2,  1919, 

of  disease  contracted  overseas. 
Charles  E.  Davis,  '90,  It. -col.,  Med.  Corps. 
Frederick  W.  Loughran,  '90,  major,  Med.  Corps. 


222  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Walter  G.  Murphy,  '90,  Red  Cross,  A.  E.  F. 

Frederick  T.  Clark,  '96,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Waldo  Sanford,  '96,  lt.-col.,_Med.  Corps. 

Edward  W.  Becker,  '97,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Robert  L.  Ellithrope,  '97,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

John  J.  Beard,  '97,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

H.  Judson  Lipes,  '97,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  three  citations. 

James  P.  O'Brien,  '98,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

James  F.  Rooney,  '98,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Joseph  A.  Lanahan,  '99,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Thomas  W.  Salmon,  '99,  col.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C. 

Joseph  W.  Moore,  '01,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Francis  Noonan,  '05,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Floyd  J.  Atwell,  '07,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

L.  Herbert  Gaus,  '07,  It. -col.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  divisional  citation. 

Eugene  F.  McGillian,  '09,  It.-comdr.,  U.  S.  N.,  A.  E.  F. 

James  G.  McGillicuddy,  '09,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Eugene  F.  Connally,  '10,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  C.  Cooke,  '10,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  distinguished  service  cross. 

Ray  M.  Eaton,  '11,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  B.  E.  F.,  A.  E.  F.,  British  Mons  Medal. 

Clayton  L.  Gifford,  '11,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  E.  Maxwell,  '11,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  Trotter,  '12,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Rufus  B.  Grain,  '12,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  British  Military  Cross. 

William  Seward,  '12,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Alson  J.  Hull,  '13,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  British  Military  Cross,  D.  S.  C. 

N.  Y.  Conspicuous  Service  Cross,  two  divisional  citations. 
Eugene  F.  Hull,  '13,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  died  of  disease  October  18,  1918. 
E.  Harrison  Ormsby,  '13,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Robert  E.  Plunkett,  '13,  major,  Med.  Corps. 
Guy  B.  Van  Alstyne,  '13,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Frank  J.  Williams,  '13,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
John  K.  Crandall,  '14,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 
Parker  A.  Groff,  '14,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Robert  W.  Helm,  '14,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F, 
Harry  V.  Judge,  '14,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Robert  Reid,  '14,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
James  I.  Schoonmaker,  '14,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Stephen  H.  Curtis,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Loyal  L.  Dunlop,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Lawrence  J.  Earley,  '15,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
John  E.  Heslin,  '15,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  one  citation. 
Stanley  M.  King,  '15,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  B.  E.  F.,  A.  E.  F. 
William  A.  Nealon,  '15,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  two  divisional  citations. 
Hom.er  Rexford,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

William  P.  Sweenev,  '15,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  B.  E.  F.,  A.  E.  F. 
Harold  A.  Bancroft,  '16,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Fletcher  A.  Blanchard,  '16,  F.  A.,  O.  T.  S. 
John  M.  Hemstead,  '16,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Ambrose  J.  Kelly,  '16,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  A.  Krauss,  '16,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Donald  McKenna,  '16,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Timothy  O'Connor,  '16,  2d  It.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  October  1918. 
Harold  A.  Peck,  '16,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  B.  E.  F. 
Howard  B.  Swan,  '16,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Harold  G.  Wentworth,  '16,  Inf. 
Theodore  S.  West,  '16,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 
Stanley  E.  Alderson,  '17,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
James  M.  Bernhard,  '17,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Earle  G.  Clarke,  '17,  U.  S.  N. 
Norman  S.  Cooper,  '17,  U.  S.  N. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  223 

Howard  W.  Davis,  '17,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

James  M.  Noonan,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

George  T.  Polk,  '17,  It.  s.g.,  U.  S.  N.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  F.  Pritchard,  '17,  U.  S.  N. 

John  H.  Robertson,  '17,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Norman  L.  Sheehe,  '17,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Ralph  W.  Turner,  '17,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  died  of  disease  October,  1918. 

Charles  Higley,  '18,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 

Joseph  Besch,  '20,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

John  Mattice,  '19,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  McGovern,  '19,  Q.  M.  C. 

Frank  M.  Noonan,  '19,  1st  It.,  Tank  Corps. 

John  J.  Dignan,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  E.  Marden,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Thomas  Morris,  '20,  Inf. 

J.  Gorton  Seabury,  '20,  F.  A. 

Edward  R.  Waite,  '20,  Inf.,  C.  E.  F. 

Ernest  Bell,  '21,  Aviation. 

James  C.  D'Aprile,  '21,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  W.  Harder,  '22,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Daniel  Murphy,  '22,  Q.  M.  C. 

Edward  G.  Dillon,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

John  Q.  Donahue,  '23,  O.  T.  S. 

Julian  Erway,  '24,  Marines,  A.  E.  F.   - 

Gilbert  W.  Welsh,  '2-4,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edwin  P.  Neilson,  '25,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

GAMMA 

Ralph  F.  Nourse,  '95,  It.,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

John  T.  Graff,  '97,  major,  Sig.  Corps. 

Harry  C.  Hazlett,  '02,  Naval  Aviation. 

John  G.  Utz,  '02,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Clarence  F.  Hirshfeld,  '05,  It. -col.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Allen  L.  Malone,  '05,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

L.  G.  Van  Nostrand,  '05,  capt.,  Engrs.,  Tank  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Stephen  J.  Tydeman,  '06,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Charles  W.  Linsley,  '07,  It.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Oliver  S.  Bruce,  '08,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Arthur  H.  Leavitt,  '08,  major,  M.  T.  C. 

Loring  R.  Hoover,  '09,  capt.,  Inf. 

Edwin  S.  Crosby,  '10,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Paul  L.  Reinhardt,  '10,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

De  Lancey  Bentley,  '11,  1st  It.,  Cav. 

Samuel  J.  Chesebro,  '11,  O.  T.  S. 

Clarence  H.  Cull,  '11,  It.  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 

Edmund  S.  Higgins,  '11,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Clarence  A.  Hoornbeck,  '12,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Albert  F.  Meehan,  '12,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Williard  W.  Teasdale,  '12,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

Robert  D.  Clapp,  '13,  Aviation. 

Frank  C.  Cornet,  '13,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Robert  L.  Schultz,  '13,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  R.  Thompson,  '13,  2d  It.,  M.  G.  Bn. 

Robert  A.  Doyle,  '14,  major,  F.  A. 

Harold  B.  Merz, '14,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  killed  in  airplane  accident  January  2, 1919. 

David  C.  Proctor,  '14,  capt.,  U.  S.  A. 

Arthur  W.  Doyle,  '15,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Louis  A.  Love,  '15,  2d  It.,  San.  Corps. 

Charles  M.  Phinney,  '15,  It.,  H.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Albert  E.  Purchas,  Jr.,  '15,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  July  18,  1918. 


224  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Roland  E.  Waller,  '15,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Harold  P.  Wilson,  '15,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  died  from  exposure  March  1918. 

Edmund  Burke,  '16,  Sig.  Corps. 

Joseph  K.  Inness,  '16,  Naval  Aviation. 

John  A.  Moffit,  '16,  Naval  Aviation. 

Harold  R.  Pouch,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  P.,  died  from  wounds  November  21,  1918. 

Eugene  B.  Reed,  '16,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Byder  W.  Wilde,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

George  H.  Bockius,  '17,  It.  j.  g.,  Naval  Aviation. 

J.  Van  B.  Cropsey,  '17,  Amb.  Corps 

Russell  F.  Dixon,  '17,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  E.  Mackenzie,  '17,  2d  It.,  Tank  Corps. 

Robert  H.  Noah,  '17,  1st  It.,  M.  T.  C. 

Robert  L.  Strebel,  '17,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  W.  Upp,  '17,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  M.  Dickson,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Robert  R.  Jones,  '18,  2d  It.,  Cav. 

John  S.  Knight,  '18,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  C.  Moffit,  '18,  1st  It.,  M.  T.  C. 

Manning  S.  Taite,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  J.  Bradley,  '19,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

P.  Schuyler  Briggs,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  d'Hins. 

M.  Lawrence  Chenoweth,  '19,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Louis  W.  Dawson,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Robert  H.  Everhard,  '19,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Henry  A.  M.  Faber,  '19,  Marines. 

Edgar  W.  Neu,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  Croce  de  Guerra  (Italian). 

Willard  C.  Peare,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Fayette  E.  Brown,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Edward  L.  Bullard,  '20,  It.,  Aviation,  died  from  injuries  in  accident  April  8, 

1919. 
Paul  E.  Fitzpatrick,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 
Albert  R.  Gaus,  '20,  Q.  M.  C,  Naval  Aviation. 
James  A.  Hutchinson,  '20,  M.  T.  C. 
Geoffrey  Knight,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Thomas  E.  Moffit,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 
Charles  A.  Norris,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Richard  E.  Mack,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Edward  C.  Blackman,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

DELTA 

George  M.  Alexander,  '92,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 

William  Wickline,  '93,  Med.  Corps. 

Macker  Babb,  '94,  It. -col.,  Med.  Corps. 

Jackson  Arnold,  '96,  col..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  M.  Leps,  '96,  It.,  F.  N.  C. 

Harry  A.  Eaton,  '97,  col..  Inf. 

George  S.  Wallace,  '97,  It.-coL,  J.  A.  G.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  B.  Carskadon,  '99,  major,  F.  A. 

Harry  A.  Garrison,  '01,  comdr.,  U.  S.  N.,  .\.  E.  F. 

Joseph  W.  Lyons,  '05,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

W.  Byrd  Hunter,  '08,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Creed  C.  Sheppard,  '09,  col.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Willie  G.  Harper,  '10,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

John  T.  Morgan,  '10,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Waitman  F.  Zinn,  '11,  capt. 

Jackson  V.  B.  Blair,  '12,  Aviation. 

WilHiam  J.  Brennan,  '13,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

Harold  B.  Marr,  '13,  1st  It.,  A.  E.  F. 

Clyde  L.  Walker,  '14,  It.,  Aviation. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  225 

Joseph  Wilkinson,  '14,  major,  F.  A. 

Ernest  F.  Gott,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Fred  M.  Jamison,  '15,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  E.  Mahan,  '15,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Joseph  S.  Miller,  '15,  C.  W.  S. 

H.  Pearson  Mullennex,  '15,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

Guy  Peoples,  '15,  It.,  Inf.,  died  at  Camp  Sherman. 

Grover  C.  Trail,  '15,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

George  R.  Ayers,  '16,  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Dale  H.  Hamilton,  '16,  Aviation. 

Harold  W.  Merritt,  '16,  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

Ernest  Morton,  '16,  It. 

Joseph  A.  Ayers,  '17,  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Jan.es  C.  Cox,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  B.  Deveny,  '17,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Ulysses  A.  Knapp,  '17,  m.ajor.  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

J.  Guy  Leidig,  '17,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

F.  Lionel  Thomas,  '17,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

E.  Gray  Huffman,  '18,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Forrest  D.  Knapp,  '18  capt..  Inf. 

Warren  V.  Lamb,  '18,  Aviation. 

Arthur  G.  Stone,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Edward  D.  W^oodyard,  '18,  Ord.  Dept. 

Russell  B.  Bailey,  '19,  H.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

Benjam.in  O.  Johns,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  H.  Kane,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Claude  A.  Latham,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

James  A.  Vassar,  '19,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  J.  Garden,  '20,  Q.  M.  C. 

Jam.es  L.  Cowl,  '20,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Preston  G.  Gandy,  '20,  It.,  Aviation. 

Earl  T.  Halloran,  '20,  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Hubert  H.  Kidd,  '20,  2d  It. 

Anderson  D.  Meadows,  '20,  O.  T.  S. 

Andrew  J.  Sheppard,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  died  of  disease  October  11,  1918. 

John  O.  Theiss,  '20,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

William  M.  Thom.asson,  '20,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ernest  W.  Graham,  '21,  C.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

Dewey  D.  Hamilton,  '21,  1st  It.,  InL 

Roy  A.  Bell,  '22,  A.  E.  F. 

Louis  A.  McKee,  '22,  Aviation. 

William  B.  Gaston,  '22,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leslie  Lyall,  '23,  Med.  Corps. 

Ola  Robins,  '23,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

R.  Stuart  Van  Metre,  '23,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Dana  M.  Hicks,  '24,  U.  S.  N.,  Med.  Corps. 

EPSILON 

Albert  J.  Kenyon,  '91,  It.,  s.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 

William  S.  Barnes,  '95,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Laurent  Lowenberg,  '97,  capt.,  Engrs. 

Richard  M.  English,  '98,  major,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Samuel  N.  Spring,  '98,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  S.  Canby,  '99,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  M.  Adams,  '02,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Arthur  C.  Jones,  '05,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  M.  Roberts,  '05,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Elliott  H.  Wendell,  '05,  Red  Cross,  A.  E.  F. 

George  W.  Hotchkiss,  '06,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 


226  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Rufus  F.  Maddux,  '06,  It.-col.,  C.  W.  S.,  A.  E.  F.,  4  Bronze  Stars  Victory  Medal, 

Olaf  Medal,  Norway. 
Arthur  C.  Wells,  '06,  capt.,  C.  W.  S. 

Richard  T.  Baum,  '07,  Amb.  Corps  with  Italian  Army,  two  Italian  war  crosses. 
Augustus  C.  Downing,  '07,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Edward  G.  B.  Fox,  '07,  capt.,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
James  McH.  Rauers,  '07,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Douglas  C.  Arnold,  '08,  capt.,  Engrs. 
R.  Graham  Biglow,  '08,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Walston  C.  Brown,  '08,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
George  H.  Bunker,  '08,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Luke  C.  Doyle,  '09,  major,  San.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre,  D.  S.  AI. 
Philip  H.  Hedges,  '09,  F.  A. 

Rudolph  Stanley-Brown,  '09,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  N.  Toucey,  '09,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 
Laurence  Watts,  '09,  major,  C.  A. 
Reed  M.  Brown,  '10,  O.  T.  S. 
Arthur  D.  Elliot,  '10,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 
Richard  N.  Hall,  '10,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 
John  P.  Henderson,  '10,  O.  T.  S. 
Oswald  Jim.enis,  '10,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  A.  E.  F. 
Hugh  M.  Matheson,  '09,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Fletcher  H.  Wood,  '10,  O.  T.  S. 
Robert  P.  Bonnie,  '11,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 
Howard  S.  Brainerd,  '11,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Walter  Geer,  '11,  Inf. 

Stanhope  S.  Goddard,  '11,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Charles  B.  Lansing,  '11,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 
Roy  A.  Mackinnon,  '11,  1st  It.,  O.  T.  S. 
Charles  G.  Mills,  '11,  Aviation. 
Charles  K.  Moore,  '11,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
Howard  F.  Murchie,  '11,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Guier  S.  Wright,  '12,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Ashley  D.  Adams,  '12,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.,  A.  E.  F.,  commended  by  Admiral 

Sims. 
H.  Boardman  Conover,  '12,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  E.  Conway,  '12,  F.  A.,  cited  by  Generals  Edwards  and  Pershing. 
Byron  H.  Coolidge,  '12,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 
Edward  E.  Dickinson,  '12,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 
Alexander  A.  Gay,  '12,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Woodling  M.  Hauser,  '12,  O.  T.  S. 
C.  Palmer  Jaffrey,  '12,  O.  T.  S. 
G.  Elkins  Knable,  '12,  major,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  S.  Loomis,  '12,  capt.,  Engrs. 
Frederick  C.  Lyman,  '12,  major,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Lucian  Piatt,  '12,  2d  It.,  Engrs.,  died  in  camp  October  9,  1918. 
Josiah  D.  Thompson,  '12,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Herbert  H.  Vreeland,  '12,  major,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
William  T.  Bahlman,  '13,  Engrs. 
Louis  D.  Bailly-Blanchard,  '13,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Wallace  Bigelow,  '13,  2d  It.,  M.  T.  C. 
Frederick  H.  Glover,  '13,  C.  W.  S. 

George  A.  Gore,  '13,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  GueiTe,  two  citations. 
Franklin  H.  Loomis,  '13,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Herndon  J.  Norris,  '13,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Howard  Pyle,  '13,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Austin  Bryant  Reeve,  '13,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 
William  Seymour,  '13,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Edgar  B.  Tolman,  '13,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F". 
Harold  L.  Williamson,  '13,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 
Peyton  R.  Anness,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  227 

Kenneth  A.  Christian,  '14,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

P.  Moody  Clarkson,  '14,  1st  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Milton  L.  Dodge,  '14,  1st  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ralph  G.  Farrell,  '14,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Howard  W.  Haggard,  '14,  capt.,  C.  W.  S. 

F.  Gregory  Hartswick,  '14,  Q.  M.  C.,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  D.  Hunter,  '14,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

George  C.  Seeley,  '14,  1st  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F.,  French  citation. 

Brooks  Shepard,  '14,  capt.,  C.  I.  P. 

George  W.  Titzell,  '14,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Norman  Wallace,  '14,  O.  T.  S. 

Frederick  S.  Bailey,  '15,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Malcolm  G.  Brooks,  '15,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

John  R.  Bryden,  '15,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

F.  Dayton  Canfield,  '15,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Donald  Cooksey,  '15,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Gerald  I.  Cutler,  '15,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  French  Army. 

Caldwell  H.  Fisk,  '15,  1st  It.,  Sig._  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  L.  Kenly,  '15,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

George  R.  Metclaf,  '15,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 

George  H.  Nettleton,  '15,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

William  J.  Norris,  '15,  Med.  Corps. 

Robert  C.  Pauly,  '15,  2d  It.,  Gas  Defense  Service,  A.  E.  F. 

Elliot  S.  Phillips,  '15,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

Cerighton  W.  Ryerson,  '15,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

Frederick  P.  Wheeler,  '1*5,  Morgan  Harjes  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  P.  Anderson,  '16,  2d  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  H.  Chamberlain,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Earle  M.  Craig,  '16,  O.  T.  S. 

John  Garey,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Freeborn  G.  Jewett,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Charles  E.  Lyman,  '16,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Frederick  D.  Seymour,  '16,  Naval  Aviation. 

James  P.  Walden,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Wheelock  Whitney,  '16,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  Bister,  '17,  Q.  M.  C. 

Edward  C.  Bullard,  '17,  Ord.  Dept. 

Stuart  H.  Caldwell,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

William  R.  Chappell,  '17,  2d  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

William  C.  Foy,  '17,  O.  T.  S. 

Charles  G.  Greenhalgh,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre  and 

citation. 
Charles  L.  Hunter,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Howard  A.  Miller,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Harold  C.  Parks,  '17,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 
Rollin  G.  Plumb,  '17,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Edwin  F.  Thrall,  '17,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 
George  K.  Viall,  '17,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
Hobart  W.  R.  Wheeler,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Andrew  H.  Blackmore,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
Donald  R.  Brown,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
David  H.  Buffum,  '18,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Lucius  H.  Collins,  '18,  sous  It.,  French  Artillery,  Croix  de  Guerre. 
Russell  P.  Crothers,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Thomas  H.  Hascall,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Artemas  J.  Haynes,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
William  J.  Hearn,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Llewellyn  W.  Jones,  '18,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Henry  C.  Kenly,  '18,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  F.  A.,  Aviation. 
Franklin  C.  Leonard,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Hubbard  Lynch,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 


228  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

James  E.  Malloy,  '18,  O.  T.  S. 

Kenneth  B.  Ris,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Carl  Sholtz,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

William  Skinner,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Herbert  R.  Soderston,  '18,  It.,  French  Escadrille. 

Wharton  C.  F.  Smith,  '18.  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

LeRoy  H.  Sm.ith,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

William,  B.  Stevens,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Arthur  J.  Underwood,  '18,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  B.  Weed,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Ernest  V.  Becker,  '19,  2d  It.,  A.  E.  F. 

Franklin  E.  Coe,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

George  H.  Ennis,  '19,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Georee  B.  Greer,  '19,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Roger  S.  Lynch,  '19,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Warner  K.  Morgans,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Walter  R.  C.  Russert,  '19,  Engrs. 

Wallace  E.  Sarran,  '19,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Frank  S.  Sherwood,  '19,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

John  M.  Wadhmas,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Dexter  D.  Coffin,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

John  R.  Freeman.  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Edgar  P.  Hetzler,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Philip  B.  Jameson,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.F. 

Henry  M.  Simmons,  '20,  O.  T.  S. 

Robert  B.  Strahan,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lloyd  V.  Young,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Theodore  M.  Bray,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Edward  J.  Farrington,  '21,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Graham  T.  Mehaffey,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Malcolm  J.  Boyle,  '22,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Alexander  S.  Chamberlain,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Walter  T.  Collins.  '23,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  B.  Whipp,  '23,  Amb.  Corps,  French  Army. 

ZETA 

Kinzie  B.  Edmunds,  '00,  col.,  Cav. 

Mortimer  Boyle,  '01,  It. -col..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  regimental  and  divisional  citations. 

Tames  F.  Grattan,  '09,  major,  Med.  Corps.    • 

Maurice  J.  Duffy,  '10,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Girard  J.  Gaynor,  '11,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Austin  J.  McDonald,  '12,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action. 

Walter  Sears,  '12,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Herman  A.  Harris,  '13,  Inf. 

Frederick  M.  Schwerd,  '13,  1st  It.,  Cav. 

George  K.  Shields,  '13,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Murray  C.  Wheat,  '13,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  In  action. 

James  Donoghue,  '14,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Wlllard  E.  Roth,  '14,  U.  S.  N. 

Henry  A.  Manz,  '15,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Harold  M.  Cahill,  '16,  Marines. 

Hugh  J.  Ennis,  '16,  capt..  Inf. 

Edward  Frey,  '16,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  J.  Gavin,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Gordon  G.  Agnew,  '17,  Med.  Corps. 

William  H.  Jones,  '17,  O.  T.  S.,  died  of  disease  August  3,  1917. 

Francis  V.  Kear,  '17,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Anthony  Bonano,  '18,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  In  action. 

David  Hervey,  '18,  U.  S.  N. 

Jesse  F.  Kaufman,  '18,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  229 

Harold  M.  Kennedy,  '18,  It.,  s.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 
Alfred  N.  Appleby,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 
Winchester  DeVoe,  '19,  Naval  Radio. 
John  Finnell,  '19,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Alexander  J.  Hogg,  '19,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 
Daniel  McMonagle,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 
George  A.  Sheehan,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 
William  C.  Youmans,  '19,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Carl  A.  Blom,  '20,  Med.  Corps. 
Frederick  C.  Carruth,  '20,  Inf. 
J.  Lestlie  Melden,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Dominick  E.  Rowan,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf.  _ 
Francis  J.  Sweeney,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 
Frederick  Griswold,  '21,  capt.,  Cav. 
Walter  H.  Resler,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Robert  L.  Craig,  '23,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Joseph  A.  Modr,  '24,  Cav. 
Robert  E.  Evans,  '25,  Cav. 

ETA 

William  N.  Bispham,  '97,  It. -col.,  Med.  Corps,  three  citations. 

Henry  A.  Cotton,  '99,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Nathan  Winslow,  '01,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Stephen  R.  Donohoe.  '02,  capt.,  Med.  Corps.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  M.  Shipley,  '02,  It.-col.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  citation. 

Phillip  Lee  Travers,  '02,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Hugh  W.  Brent,  '03,  capt. 

German  H.  H.  Emory,  '03,  major.  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C,  killed  in  action 

November  1,  1918. 
William  D.  Scott,  '04,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Jam.es  G.  Matthews,  '05,  m.ajor,  Med.  Corps. 
Edgar  A.  Vey,  '06,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Frank  S.  Lynn,  '07,  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
William  Culbert  Lyon,  '07,  It.,  Med.  Corps. 
Harry  B.  Gantt,  '08,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Eugene  Bascom  Wright,  '09,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 
Erasmus  H.  Kloman,  '10,  major,  Med.  Corps. 
George  Lewis  Stickney,  '10,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  G.  O.  No.  201  G.  H.  Q., 

G.  O.  No.  1,  1st  Div. 
Ralph  C.  Truitt,  '10,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 
Charles  B.  Bosley,  '11,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 
Raym.ond  G.  Hussey,  '11,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
George  Y.  Massenburg,  '11,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  Cross  of  Regina  Maria 

(Rumania) 
Arthur  Clay  Foard,  '12,  capt..  Den.  Corps. 
J.  Edward  Hubbard,  '12,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
John  F.  M.  Keighley,  '12,  capt..  Den.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
W.  Howard  Yeager,  '12,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Francis  Fowler  Callahan,  '13,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  British  Military 

Cross. 
William  Houston  Toulson,  '13,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  B.  E.  F.,  A.  E.  F. 
William  E.  BockmiUer,  '14,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Clark  S.  Bogart,  '14,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Frank  R.  Bristol,  '14,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
John  H.  Frederick,  '14,  capt.,  Den.  Corps. 
Frank  M.  Wilson,  '14,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Charles  Augustus  Young,  '14,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Franklin  B.  Anderson,  '15,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Hickman  Ray,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Bruce  Campbell  Lightner,  '15,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 


230  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

John  J.  Purcell,  '15,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Charles  Hammon  Burton,  '16,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Allen  D.  Lazenby,  '16,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Everett  L.  Smith,  '16,  capt..  Den.  Corps. 

Charles  H.  Claiborne,  '17,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Burton  H.  R.  Randall,  '17,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Warder  A.  Hall,  '18,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Howard  L.  Hurst,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Richard  C.  Parks,  '18,  Naval  Aviation. 

Arthur  W.  Phinney,  '18,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Ralph  George  Beachley,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

Everett  H.  Garey,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Norris  C.  King,  '21,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Francis  Edward  Wheeler,  '21,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  H.  Bovey,  '22,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  American  Field  Service  Medal, 

French  "Volunteer"  Medal,  Section  Citation,  Croix  de  Guerre. 
William  C.  Terhune,  '22,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
William  R.  Callaway,  '23,  C.  A. 
W.  G.  Read  MuUan,  '23,  A.  E.  F. 
Alfred  H.  Sheppe,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  one  citation. 
Allen  H.  Thorn,  '23,  M.  T.  C. 
James  W.  Nelson,  '24,  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Edwin  S.  Woodyard,  '24,  A.  E.  F. 
Ross  D.  Van  Auken,  '25,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

THETA 

Edward  DanfoAh,  '02,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Samuel  R.  Fowler,  '02,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

George  F.  Miles,  '04,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Clarence  R.  O'Crbwley,  '04,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Augustus  Rogers,  '04,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Guy  Bates,  '05,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  J.  Brady,  '05,  1st  It.,  Marines. 

Ronald  F.  Riblet,  '05,  F.  A. 

Nelson  K.  Benton,  '06,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  J.  Brennan,  '06,  Ord.  Dept. 

Paul  A.  Buttrick,  '06,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  W.  Chambers,  '06,  Q.  M.  C,  O.  T.  S. 

Theodore  Kilian,  '06,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Frederick  N.  Bolles,  '07,  It.-comdr.,  U.  S.  N. 

Fred  W.  Hausmann,  '07,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  E.  Miller,  '07,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Joseph  E.  Ridder,  '07,  Q.  M.  C,  O.  T.  S. 

Ralph  Dudley,  '08,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Adolph  G.  E.  Hanke,  '08,  U.  S.  N. 

Harold  C.  E.  Foeller,  '09,  C.  W.  S. 

Thomas  C.  Morgan,  '09,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  B.  Moss,  '09,  chaplain,  B.  E.  F. 

Edward  B.  Riblet,  '09,  capt..  Den.  Corps. 

Fidencio  Smithers,  '09,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Curtis  F.  Columbia,  '10,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  N.  Giegerich,  '10,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Elmer  C.  Goodwin,  '10,  It.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Herman  L.  Heide,  '10,  1st  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

John  H.  Marchmont,  '10,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

James  H.  Minor,  '10,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

A.  V.  Feireira,  '11,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Joseph  B.  Reillv,  '11,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Ridgley  Hunt,  '12,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Daniel  F.  McMahon,  '12,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  231 

Egbert  B.  Griffin,  '13,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  Richter,  '13,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Ernest  A.  Barth,  '14,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Jay  Botsford,  '14,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Cyril  J.  Brown,  '14,  ens.  U.  S.  N. 

Norman  Cleary,  '14,  2d  It.,  Tank  Corps. 

Frederick  R.  Demarest,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Walter  C.  Goodwin,  '14,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Kenneth  M.  Kearney,  '14,  2d  It.,  Royal  Flying  Corps,  killed  in  airplane 

accident  February,  1918. 
Ralph  Kiely,  '14,  It.,  U.  S.  N.,  Chevalier  Legion  of  Honor. 
Adelbert  F.  Smithers,  '14,  1st  It.,  C.  VV.  S.,  A.  E.  F.  v 

Ralph  L.  Dublin,  '15,  Ord.  Dept. 
Clifford  F.  Barton,  '16,  1st  It.,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 
Carleton  P.  Flickinger,  '16,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 
Albert  M.  Johanson,  '16,  Med.  Corps. 
Roland  W.  Richards,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Norton  Thayer,  '16,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  K.  Allen,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
August  S.  Barth,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Victor  N.  Barton,  '17,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 
H.  Morton  Cronk,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Ray  Freeman  Jenney,  '17,  chaplain.  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C. 
Theophilus  Johnson,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Arthur  J.  Kirwan,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Porter  C.  Murphy,  '17,  Med.  Corps. 

Thomas  A.  Robinson,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  Anib.  Service,  A.  E.  F. 
Joseph  M.  Shimmon,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Frank  Springmever,  '17,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 
Roland  E.  Bell,  '18,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  H.  Halpin,  '18,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 
Louis  R.  Mann,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  G.  McNaught,  '18,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Arthur  S.  Nelson,  '18,  InL,  A.  E.  F. 
T.  Arnold  Robinson,  '18,  2d  It.,  Amb.  Service,  A.  E.  F. 
Francis  L.  Sullivan,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Jack  D.  Valentine,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Rutherford  M.  Baker,  '19,  1st  It.,  Tank  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Eugene  A.  Giard,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Henry  G.  Hoberg,  '19,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
Ralph  Graham  Kretschmar,  '19,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Paul  H.  Baer,  '20,  Inf.,  died  in  service. 
Raymond  J.  Daly,  '21,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
George  F.  Frey,  '21,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Gordon  W.  McCathie,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Carl  H.  Scholermann,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 
Harry  G.  Flory,  '22,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
Ben  Franklin,  '22,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  divisonal  citation. 
H.  Vincent  Wilks,  '22,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

W.  McKinley  Bullivant,  '23,  Amb.  Service,  A.  E.  F.,  Italian  War  Cross. 
Arthur  Farrell,  '23,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
James  Gordon  Gibbs,  '24,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
William  H.  Gibbs,  '24,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Carl  Carneval,  '25,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Jack  Farrell,  '25,  Inf. 

IOTA 

Henry  A.  Horwood,  '03,  capt. 

Wallace  M.  Kendrick,  '09,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Bernard  V.  Pfeiffer,  '10,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 


232  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

William  F.  Scully,  '10,  Inf. 

Carl  H.  Lambelet,  '11,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  Unkles,  '12,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  R.  Fagan,  '13,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Waldemar  G.  Nichols,  '13,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  B.  Rundle,  '13,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  W.  Smith,  '13,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Fred  J.  Southard,  '13,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Eugene  B.  McLaughlin,  '14,  1st  It.,  M.  P.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  E.  Hutcheon,  '15,  ens..  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Hans  R.  Jaeggli,  '15,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Em.ile  P.  Landru,  '15,  C.  I.  P.,  A.  E.  F. 

Kenneth  Lawrence,  '15,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  S.  Maynard,  '15,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 

Herbert  M.  Appleton,  '16,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps,_  A.  E.  F. 

Stephen  R.  Warner,  '16,  It.,  Aviation,  killed  in  aeroplane  accident  Aoril  24,  1918. 

Jam.es  M.  Wilcox,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Ronald  B.  Brown,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Walter  J.  Igoe,  '17,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  J.  McElroy,  '17,  Ord.  Dept. 

Edward  F.  Miller,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Hugh  S.  Tavlor,  '17,  2d  It.,  Tank  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  J.  Bauer,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

John  H.  Bruning,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Roland  I.  Dunn,  '18,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  L.  Gorman,  '18,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Herbert  L.  Peter,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Leslie  F.  Kroeger,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Thomas  N.  O'Connell,  '19,  C.  I.  P.,  A.  E.  F. 

H.  G.  Schutzendorf,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  -  . 

Charles  W.  Struppman,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 

Herbert  Vermilya,  '19,  C.  A. 

Martin  T.  Williams,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Cornelius  B.  Contant,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

John  P.  Cosgrove,  '20,  Ord.  Dept. 

Fred  H.  De  Voe,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  A.  E.  F.,  died  February  20,  1919  of  disease 

contracted  in  France. 
George  P.  Morse,  '20,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Bryan  W.  Prall,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Wendell  W.  Clinedinst,  '21,  2d  It.,  M.  T.  C. 
Robert  K.  Davis,  '21,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 
Albert  W.  Ferre,  '21,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
Howeth  T.  Ford,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 
Davis  Edward  Bantz,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
John  R.  Hemion,  '22,  Tank  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Frederick  Norton,  '22,  ens.,  Merchant  Auxiliary  Service. 

KAPPA 

Charles  H.  Bassler,  '01,  capt..  Telephone  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ralph  C.  Davison,  '02,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Herman  H.  Hanson,  '02,  San.  Corps. 

Robert  L.  Streeter,  '02,  col.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Miles  I.  Killmer,  '06,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

James  A.  Howland,  '09,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Herman  E.  Long,  '11,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

James  MilhoUand,  '11,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Richard  C.  Harlow,  '12,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Edward  F.  Guilford,  '13,  capt..  Inf. 

Harold  S.  Rogers,  '13,  2d  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  N.  Devoe,  '14,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  233 

Harry  H.  Wetzel,  '14,  Sig.  Corps. 

Gustav  H.  Grabe,  '15,  2d  It.,  M.  T.  C. 

Merrill  C.  Lee,  '15,  capt.,  C.  A. 

Lloyd  H.  Schultz,  '15,  Aviation. 

Donald  E.  Shock,  '15,  C.  W.  S. 

John  M.  Bowman,  '16,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Benjamin  H.  Engle,  '16,  capt.,  Inf. 

George  Hesselbacher,  '16,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Ralph  N.  Lincoln,  '16,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ray  N.  McNulty,  '16,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Arnold  J.  Stevens,  '16,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Blake  E.  Williams,  '16,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Guy  S.  Hoffman,  '17,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  O.  Reitz,  '17,  Ord.  Dept.,  O.  T.  S. 

Joseph  S.  Robinson,  '17,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  Schumacker,  '17,  It.,  F.  A. 

John  F.  Trainer,  '17,  1st  It. 

Walter  S.  Gross,  '18,  Ord.  Dept. 

Samuel  M.  Linn,  '18,  Vet.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Parker  H.  Lutz,  '18,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  C.  McAllister,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Samuel  W.  Neff,  '18,  Naval  Aviation. 

Sterling  M.  Palm,  '18,  1st  It..  A.  E.  F. 

Leon  F.  Babcock,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Thomas  C.  Kern,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  Croce  de  Guerra. 

J.  Penrose  Laws,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lewis  R.  McDowell,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Russel  S.  Norris,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Arthur  Stoeltzing,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Warren  S.  Ward,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

John  C.  Barcklow,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

George  O.  Julin,  '20,  C.  W.  S. 

Arthur  G.  McKelvey,  '20,  Ord.  Dept. 

Richard  D.  Osborne,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Frans  N.  Wolf,  '20,  Inf. 

Harry  W.  Crum,  '21,  C.  W.  S. 

Ralph  E.  Irving,  '21,  Cav. 

Ralph  McClintic,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

Carl  A.  Rishell,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

Adolph  Snyder,  '21,  Inf. 

Harold  Tietrick,  '22,  Inf. 

Allen  Zook,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Marshall  Gatchell,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

George  D.  Hynes,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Jacob  H.  Linn,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

LAMBDA 

A.  Coulter  Wells,  '98,  capt.,  C.  I.  P. 

Glenn  E.  Husted,  '99,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Charles  A.  Ragan,  '00,  It. -col.,  Med.  Corps. 

William  T.  Davis,  '01,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Henry  W.  Tobias,  '01,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Charles  L.  Foster,  '02,  col.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  M.,  Legion  of  Honor. 

Charles  E.  Parsons,  '02,  comdr.,  U.  S.  N.,  citation. 

John  Lewis  Smith,  '02,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Hugh  A.  Thrift,  '03,  It.-comdr.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Montgomery  E.  Higgins,  '04,  It.-comdr.,  U.  S.  N.,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  C.  Ransdell,  '04,  It.-comdr.,  Med.  Corps,  U.  S.  N. 

Roy  E.  Seitz,  '04,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 


234  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Jesse  W.  Barrett,  '05,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

Ernest  W.  Brown,  '05,  It.-comdr.,  Med.  Corps,  U.  S.  N. 

Hugh  M.  Caldwell,  '05,  major,  J.  A.  G. 

Harry  E.  Collins,  '05,  comdr.,  U.  S.  N. 

Adam  Kemble,  '05,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

A.  Camp  Stanley,  '05,  It.-comdr.,  Med.  Corps,  U.  S.  N. 

Clarence  M.  Booth,  '06,  major,  Inf. 

Ernest  F.  Wenderoth,  '08,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Walter  W.  Burns,  '11,  capt.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  C.  Collins,  '11,  It.,  Supply  Corps,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

J.  Ralph  Fehr,  '11,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  J.  Garner,  '11,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Albert  H.  Ebeling,  '12,  1st  It.,  San.  Corps. 

Frank  W.  Hoover,  '12,  capt.,  Engrs. 

Fred  E.  Kunkel,  '12,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Elmer  Stewart,  '12,  capt.,  C.  A.,_A._E.  F.         _    '   _ 

Luther  Welsh,  '12,  It.,  Naval  Aviation,  killed  in  airplane  accident. 

Theodore  S.  Wilkinson,  '12,  It.-comdr.,  U.  S.  N.,  Congressional  medal  of  Honor, 

citation. 
Clarence  B.  Desjardins,  '13,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 
Fitzhugh  Green,  '13,  It.-comxdr.,  U.  S.  N.,  citation. 
Stanley  H.  Udy,  '13,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
Russell  E.  Hicks,  '14,  Ord.  Dept.. 
Julius  A.  Hobson,  '14,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 
Ira  N.  Kelberg,  '14,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
E.  Flavelle  Koss,  '14,  San.  Corps. 
Charles  S.  Stevenson,  '14,  Adi. -Gen's.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Albert  W.  Kenner,  '15,  m.ajor';  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C. 
Hiram.  E.  Spear,  '15,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 
Alfred  L.  Stoddard,  '15,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Joseph  H.  Batt,  '16,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 
Philip  L.  Collins,  '15,  It.,  Supply  Corps,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
James  A.  Fink,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 
Elvans  D.  Haines,  '16,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Perrj'  M.  Johnson,  '16,  capt..  Inf. 

George  V.  Minick,  '16,  Med.  Corps,  died  of  disease  October  1918. 
John  J.  Reinhardt,  Aviation. 
Alfred  G.  Schmidt,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
John  F.  Carmody,  '17,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
George  L.  Haines,  '17,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Raymond  A.  Heindl,  '17,  Inf. 
Norman  S.  Meese,  '17,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 
James  W.  Miller,  Sp..,  Adj. -Gen's.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Louis  D.  Neumann,  '17,  Inf. 
Herbert  H.  Chaddick,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
Ralph  R.  DePrez,  '18,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 
Charles  S.  Forbes,  '18,  Adj. -Gen's.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Clarence  S.  Shields,  '18,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 
Charles  H.  Stewart,  '18,  capt.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
William  C.  Bastian,  '19,  2d  It.,  Engrs. 
Brice  John  Caldwell,  '19,  It.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Ernst  M.  Elkin,  '19,  Inf.,  O.  T.  S. 
William  J.  Flood,  '19,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 
Walter  C.  Hoer,  '19,  Adj. -Gen's.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Howard  M.  Brock,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Clark  W.  Coleman,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 
Charles  F.  Curry,  '20,  capt..  Aviation,  A.  E.  F.,  citation. 
Carl  J.  Faist,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Paul  J.  Guinther,  '20,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 
Samuel  T.  Holmgren,  '20,  1st  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 
James  H.  Hornaday,  '20,  C.  A.  O.  f .  S. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  235 

Charles  R.  Huff,  '20,  Aviation. 

Edward  A.  Jacobson,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

John  L.  Marks,  '20,  Med.  Corps. 

Earl  A.  Ruth,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

George  D.  Thompson,  '20,  Sig.  Corps. 

Russell  I.  Whyte,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

Malcolm  Wiseheart,  '20,  Sig.  Corps. 

Fred  E.  Bergstrom,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Wylie  Borum,  '21,  Inf.,  O.  T.  S. 

Ernest  C.  Clifford,  '21,  C.  A.,  O.  T.  S. 

S.  Stanton  Fitzgerrell,  '21,  capt.,  Cav. 

G.  Albert  Hinsch,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Leland  W.  Mays,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Henry  Robey,  '21,  2d  It.,  M.  T.  C. 

Ralph  S.  Scott,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

E.  Ashby  Warfield,  '21,  Med.  Corps. 

Frank  T.  Watkins,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

John  E.  Wright,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Ashby  E.  Bladen,  '22,  San.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

W.  Irving  Cleveland,  '22,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Marcell  Conway,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Emerson  C.  Cook,  '22,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Neil  D.  Franklin,  '22,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  C.  Frey,  '22,  Aviation. 

John  D.  Glass,  '22,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

D.  Malcolm  Hodge,  '22,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

George  E.  Hughes,  '22,  capt.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Fitzhugh  L.  Hurley,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Robert  W.  Marvin,  '22,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Hudson  McKee,  '22,  Adj. -Gen's.  Dept. 

Henry  J.  Plagens,  '22,  1st  It.,  O.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

John  F.  Reinboth,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Randall  N.  Saunders,  '22,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harvey  W.  Schmidt,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Charles  E.  Spencer,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Earl  W.  Wallick,  '22,  Adj. -Gen's.  Dept. 

John  R.  Ward,  '22,  Aviation. 

Harry  N.  Weigandt,  '22,  Adj. -Gen's.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  F.  Curry,  '23,  capt..  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Alvis  T.  Ellis,  '23,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Jonathan  C.  Gibson,  '23,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ulysses  S.  Gray,  '23,  Aviation. 

Joseph  A.  Jordan,  '23,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  E.  Ketner,  '23,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  R.  Rowe,  '23,  Naval  Radio 

William  E.  Vaughan,  '23,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  S.  Wheeler,  '23,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

William  E.  Zimmerman,  '23,  2d  It.,  San.  Corps,  A.  E.  F 

George  S.  Coyle,  '24,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Clark  Russell  Long,  '24,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

George  Mallett-Prevost,  '24,  C.  W.  S. 

Herbert  O.  Rogers,  '24,  Cav. 

Howard  J.  Smith,  '24,  Engrs. 

G.  M.  Sonfield,  '24,  2d  It.,  Cav. 

John  S.  Zimmerman,  '24,  U.  S.  N. 

MU 

Charles  G.  Davis,  '01,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Arthur  H.  Flickwir,  '01,  Med.  Corps,  S.  D.,  citation  from  Secretarv  of  Navy. 

Ralph  E.  Gill,  '02,  capt.,  Den.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 


236  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Theodore  P.  Snook,  '02,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  M.  Stockwell,  '04,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Thomas  Duncan,  '05,  It. -col.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

William  H.  Allen,  '06,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  L.  Cariss,  '06,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

John  C.  Dallenbach,  '06,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Lauren  S.  Eckels,  '06,  major,  Med.  Corps,  died  of  disease  March  27,  1918.  - 

Carl  P.  Holcomb,  '06,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Jesse  L.  Wagner,  '06,  capt..  Aviation. 

Charles  B.  Maits,  '07,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Norman  Stadiger,  '07,  It. 

A.  Hansen  Old,  '08,  Engrs.,  C.  E.  F. 

Harry  D.  Williams,  '08,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

John  P.  Ehrhart,  '09,  1st  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

Walter  A.  Halkett,  '09,  Aviation. 

Theodore  F.  Myler,  '09,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Bayard  L.  Buckley,  '10,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  S.  Farquhar,  '10,  Engrs. 

Frank  G.  Schoble,  '10,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Wallace  D.  Walker,  '10,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Rexford  M.  Glaspey,  '11,  major,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  died  of  disease. 

Harold  O.  Berlin,  '12,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  R.  Dershuck,  '12,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Donald  M.  Dougall,  '12,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Leroy  Leighton,  '12,  C.  W.  S. 

Conrad  J.  Sauter,  '12,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Albert  V.  Smith,  '12,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

G.  Thomas  Cartier,  '13,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Carl  P.  Clark,  '13,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Meredith  R.  Gardiner,  '13,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Ivan  S.  Hocker,  '13,  2d  It.,  San.  Corps. 

Edmund  Hoffman,  '13,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Albert  R.  Krantz,  '13,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Norman  L.  Barr,  '14,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Seneca  P.  Farr,  '14,  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Kenneth  D,  MacDonald,  '14,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Thomas  J.  Myers,  '14,  Ord.  Dept. 

Leo  L.  Sowers,  '14,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Walter  A.  Craig,  '15,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ernest  T.  Fish,  '15,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

Elwood  B.  Heindel,  '15,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Robert  J.  King,  '15,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Gray  H.  Lefold,  '15,  1st  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Samuel  W.  Marshall,  '15,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  do  Guerre,  four  divisional 

citations. 
Stanley  H.  Ross,  '15,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
Carl  J.  Zellner,  '15,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Fred  P.  Auten,  '16,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 
Joseph  F.  M.  Baldi,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Jay  Manning  Cooper,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
George  G.  Lundberg,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Arthur  F.  Seaver,  '16,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C. 
Clarence  A.  Faller,  '17,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 
Henry  A.  Lincoln,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 
Karl  L.  Lubrecht,  '17,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Paul  M.  Robinson,  '17,  1st  It.,  M.  T.  C  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 
Bryant  B.  Schoonover,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
J.  Ralph  Scovil,  '17,  Aviation. 
Donald  L.  Suhr,  '17,  Aviation. 

Robert  H.  Wessmann,  '17,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
William  L.  Butler,  '17,  2d  It.,  Engrs. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  237 


Leonard  K.  Church,  '18,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Everett  C.  Covert,  '18,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Herbert  J.  Davis,  '18,  Ord.  Dept. 

Clinton  L.  Keister,  '18,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  M.  Sassaman,  '18,  Den.  Corps. 

Harry  Schluederberg,  '18,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

R.  Lowell  Watkins,  '18,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Llewellyn  H.  Wray,  '18,  Med.  Corps. 

James  M.  Young,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Claire  A.  Brady,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  died  of  disease 

Richard  N.  Chubb,  '19,  1st  It,.  Cav. 

E.  Lewis  Gibbs,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  Gocher,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Valentine  Hattemer,  '19,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Raymond  G.  Lafeau,  '19,  C.  W.  S. 

Edward  W.  Mears,  '19,  Marines. 

Ralph  Meckley,  '19,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Emmett  J.  Peterson,  '19,  Aviation. 

Charles  L.  Pierce,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lewis  S.  Somers,  '19,  Naval  Radio,  A.  E.  F. 

C.  Arthur  Bullock,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

Winsor  H.  Gushing,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

Marion  F.  Dick,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

J.  Lanier  Jordan,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Edgar  S.  Kerfoot,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Douglas  C.  Miner,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

John  W.  Strait,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Clarkson  C.  Taylor,  '20,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edgar  H.  Ertel,  '21,  F.  A. 

Leo  F.  Hunderup,  '21,  Med.  Corps. 

William  H.  Marshall,  '21,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

Eugene  P.  Reese,  '21,  Aviation. 

Stanley  M.  Speaker,  '21,  Med.  Corps. 

Robert  K.  Ward,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Herman  C.  Wehman,  '21,  F.  A. 

Haldeman  B.  Wentz,  '21,  Aviation.  A.  E.  F. 

Russel  J.  Wilford,  '21,  Inf. 

\Vinfield  H.  Sage,  '22,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

George  Wallhauser,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Howard  E.  Anderson,  '23,  Provisional  Regiment. 

Theodore  H.  Fairchild,  '2-3,  F.  A. 

John  F.  Humes,  '23,  F.  A. 

Charles  F.  Keller,  '23,  Naval  Aviation. 

Wallace  Kimball,  '23,  Marines,  Foresty  Division. 

William  A.  Llewellyn,  '23,  Inf.,  O.  T.  S. 

Orlando  B.  Rumbold,  '23,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Franklin  E.  Shelly,  '23,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Reginald  A.  Smith,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Floyd  C.  Stout,  '23,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  W.  Sweeney,  '23,  Q.  M.  C,  U.  S.  N. 

NU 

Robert  M.  Eckert,  '08,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Solomon  A.  Reis,  '08,  Aviation. 

Percival  C.  Berkley,  '10,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Carl  A.  Woerwag,  '10,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Harry  S.  Demaree,  '11,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Clifford  R.  V/hvte,  '12,  Engrs. 

Robert  B.  Collier,  '15,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Wharton  G.  Ingram,  '15,  capt.,  Cav.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 


238  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Jay  C.  Miller,  '15,  It. 

Edward  J.  Clement,  '16,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Paul  A.  Warren,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leonard  J.  Breen,  '17,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Elwood  T.  Carmichael,  '17,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

James  S.  Munger,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Frank  G.  Osgood,  '17,  It.,  j.  g.,  Naval  Aviation. 

William  P.  Thomas,  '17,  capt..  Aviation. 

Robert  L.  Creer,  '18,  O.  T.  S. 

Allen  J.  Ely,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Joseph  L.  Lawton,  '18,  O.  T.  S. 

John  P.  Tachovsky,  '18,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Paul  R.  Wilford,  '18,  Engrs.,  O.  T.  S. 

William  B.  McKinley,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  Ambulance  Medal. 

Charles  Monie,  '19,  M.  G.  Bn.,  killed  in  action  November  3,  1918. 

William  J.  Brisbin,  '20,  Ord.  Dept. 

Richard  Henry  Morris,  '20,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Royal  C.  Rowland,  '20,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

William  N.  Ryerson.  '20,  2d  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  Q.  Stemler,  '20,  F.  A. 

Harold  C.  Rockett,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

Clyde  M.  Stout,  '21,  Naval  Radio. 

Stanley  B.  Walker,  '21,  U.  S.  A. 

Marvin  T.  Fagan,  '22,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Albert  Svihra,  '22,  cadet,  West  Point. 

Paul  S.  Burt,  '24,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  W.  Bunn,  '25,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Solomon  G.  Erickson,  '25,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  T.  Patton,  '25,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

XI 

J.  Franklin  Morgan,  '03,  1st  It.,  San.  Corps.,  A.  E.  F. 

Blaine  Gilday,  '05,  O.  T.  S. 

Loomis  O.  Black,  '06,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Roy  G.  Baker,  '07,  capt..  Inf. 

Raymond  O.  Litchfield,  'OS,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  Pierce,  '09,  It.,  Inf. 

Clifford  L.  Miller,  '10,  chaplain.  Inf. 

Thomas  H.  Saunders,  '10,  chaplain,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Eugene  I.  Oppel,  '11,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Van  Vechten  Munger,  '12,  It.,  Inf. 

Richard  H.  Paynter,  '12,  Med.  Corps. 

Henry  E.  Papenburg,  '12,  27th  Division,  A.  E.  F. 

John  Shea,  '12,  Inf. 

John  L.  Stone,  '12,  capt..  Inf. 

Arthur  W.  Head,  '13,  C.  W.  S. 

Carl  G.  Lohr,  '14,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  Maloney,  '14,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  L.  Phelps,  '14,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 

Howard  E.  Foote,  '15,  Inf. 

J.  Proctor  Gilson,  '15,  capt.,  Inf.,  killed  in  action  JuK    IS,  191S. 

Floyd  E.  Woods,  '15,  U.  S.  N. 

John  W.  Johnson,  '16,  Inf. 

Kenneth  S.  Kirkland,  '16,  San.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Gerald  M.  Morgan,  '16,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leslie  W.  Ferguson,  '17,  U.  S.  N. 

Harold  P.  Havden,  '17,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Earl  B.  McMonagle,  '17,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leslie  R.  Murtaugh,  '17,  C.  W.  S. 

Herbert  G.  Wilson,  '17,  Aviation. 


The  Chapter  in  Arims  239 

Charles  E.  Bowers,  '18,  Naval  Aviation. 

Ralph  W.  Crayton,  '18.  U.  S.  N. 

Earl  J.  Harris,  '18,  Aviation. 

Lawrence  Iverson,  '18,  capt.,  C.  A. 

Andres  M.  Jones,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Harold  A.  Main,  '18,  U.  S.  N. 

Vernon  F.  Morrison,  '18,  Med.  Corps. 

Leo  S.  Murtaugh,  '18,  Naval  Aviation. 

Lawrence  F.  Powell,  '18,  F.  A. 

C.  Clyde  Abernethy,  '19,  Inf. 

George  F.  Gaffney,  '19,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Ernest  C.  Hunkins,  '19,  C.  W.  S. 

LeRoy  E.  Taft,  '19,  Inf. 

Clinton  G.  Yarter,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 

Ear!  C.  Hull,  '20,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  J.  Corcoran.  '20,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Paschal  D.  Jones,  '20,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Stephen  L.  Joels,  '20,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  citation. 

Charles  F.  Keegan,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Norman  C.  Cortwright,  '21,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Leonard  J.  Farley,  '21,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  C.  E.  F. 

Burton  R.  McMonagle,  '21,  Engrs. 

Lowell  C.  Fisher,  '22,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Claude  V.  Sullivan,  '24,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

OMICRON 

Edward  F.  Miller,  '86,  col.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Eugene  L.  Brown,  '08,  1st  It.,  Engrs. 

Rudolph  W.  Riefkohl,  '08,  major.  General  Pershing's  staff,  A.  E.  F. 

William  C.  Arkell,  '10,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Guy  N.  Harcourt,  '10,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  L.  Manley,  '11,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

William  G.  Rhoades,  '11,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Manuel  Font,  '12,  major.  Inf. 

Everett  B.  Wettengel,  '12,  capt.,  F.  A. 

Richard  B.  Cross,  '13,  capt.,  C.  A. 

Eugene  L.  McDonald,  '13,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Alfred  S.  Milliken,  '13,  It.,  Engrs.,  killed  in  action  March  30,  1918. 

Robert  B.  Nichols,  '13,  San.  Corps,  U.  S.  N. 

Thomas  J.  Dufifield,  '14,  1st  It.,  San.  Corps. 

C.  Loring  Hall,  '15,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Lewis  W.  Prescott,  '15,  It.,  Royal  Flying  Corps,  killed  in  action  April  20,  1917. 

Morgan  P.  Curtis,  '16,  Med.  Corps. 

James  M.  Evans,  '16,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 

Harold  C.  Fuller,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

James  M.  Ralston,  '16,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 

Roswell  M.  Rennie,  '16,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Louis  W.  Stevens,  '16,  It.,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Gilbert  H.  Gaus,  '17,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 

Kingsley  A.  Gillespie,  '17,  2d  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

George  M.  Lovejoy,  '17,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 

Elmer  C.  Matthews,  '17,  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  L.  Medding,  '17,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  D.  Proctor,  '17,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Walter  B.  Strong,  '17,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 

William  K.  Bruchhauser,  '18,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

George  B.  Hutchins,  '18,  It.,  j.  g..  Naval  Aviation. 

Wendell  H.  Kayser,  '18,  Ord.  Dept. 

Francis  L.  Warner,  '18,  capt.,  Engrs. 

Frederic  A.  Washburn,  '18,  ens..  Naval  A\iation. 


240  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Arthur  E.  Windle,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A  .E.  F. 

Ralph  H.  Pease,  '19,  Inf. 

Phillip  M.  Shaw,  '21,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Wilford  P.  Hooper,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Frank  P.  Hudnut,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Frank  S.  Owen,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

John  R.  Perkins,  '20,  It.,  F.  A. 

Arthur  Roberts,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  D.  Griswold,  '21,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Harry  L.  Halterman,  '21,  It.,  Inf. 

Henry  D.  Tucker,  '21,  Marines. 

Eliot  Underhill,  '21,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

Julian  Lovejoy,  '22,  Naval  Radio. 

Howard  B.  Keppel,  '23,  Naval  Academy. 

Gordon  S.  Blair,  '24,  Naval  Academy. 

Harry  G.  Brockington,  '24,  Naval  Radio. 

PI 

Charles  P.  Stahr,  '97,  capt.,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Edwin  A.  Ziegler,  '02,  major,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Levi  V.  Hetrick,  '03,  chaplain,  U.  S.  N. 

Robert  M.  Zacharias,  '07,  capt.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  B.  Lentz,  '08,  major.  Vet.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Lauriston  B.  Herr,  '11,  1st  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

B.  Willis  Moyer,  '12,  Inf. 

Paul  J.  Sykes,  '13,  capt..  Inf.,  citation,  killed  in  action  September  26,  1918. 

William  E.  Griffith,  '14,  1st  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Howard  L.  Sassaman,  '14,  2d  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Herbert  Schaffner,  '14,  capt.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

John  W.  Wimer,  '14,  Inf. 

Amandus  G.  Gearhart,  '15,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

John  F.  Pyfer,  '15,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Victor  G.  Slifer,  '15,  Inf. 

Mark  Thatcher,  '15,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

George  H.  Zellers,  '15,  2d  It.,  R.  F.  A.,  killed  in  action  June  30,  1918. 

Harold  A.  Barr,  '16,  C.  W.  S. 

Stanley  N.  Mumma,  '16,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Meade  D.  Schaffner,  '16,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  F.  Shartle,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Paul  C.  Ward,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Simon  P.  Whitehead,  '16,  Inf. 

Francis  M.  Erdman,  '17,  O.  T.  S. 

Reah  Hollinger,  '17,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Cyrus  H.  Meminger,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

F.  Clever  Bald,  '18,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Reagan  I.  Hoch,  '18,  2d  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  S.  Kessler,  '18,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  J.  Mountz,  '18,  C.  W.  S. 

Herman  H.  Neis,  '18,  San.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

H.  Stanley  Rickert,  '18,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Rathfon  Urban,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Paul  S.  Christman,  '19,  C.  W.  S. 

George  W.  Grieve,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

J.  Fred  Mearig,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Guy  G.  Shambaugh,  '19,  Inf. 

John  B.  Shambaugh,  '19,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Joseph  C.  Wentz,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 

Grover  S.  Yeager,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

Clarence  H.  Brubaker,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

J.  Alfred  Eckman,  '20,  Aviation. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  241 

George  H.  Irvin,  '20,  Amb.  Corps,  decorated  by  Italy. 

Howard  A.  Kosman,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Alvin  G.  Quinn,  '20,  Marines. 

Mercer  G.  Rhodes,  '20,  Marines. 

Glenn  O.  Smith,  '20,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

John  A.  Stoll,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Weidler  Burkholder,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Paul  C.  DeHaven,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Augustus  Rohrer,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

J.  Shober  Barr,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Park  Berkheimer,  '23,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Henry  Mitchell,  '23,  Inf. 

David  Berkheimer,  '24,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Alvin  N.  Rutt,  '24,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

RHO 

Percy  G.  C.  Campbell,  Hon,  It. -col.,  Inf.,  C.  E.  F. 

Stanley  L.  Cunningham,  '84,  C.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  1918. 

Benjamin  Tett,  '01,  died  1.  o.  d. 

Edmund  H.  Pense,  '03,  It. -col. 

William  P.  Wilgar,  '03,  It. -col.,  Engrs.,  C.  E.  F.,  Distinguished  Service  Order, 

one  citation. 
James  F.  Prinble,  '04,  Engrs. 
William  A.  Claxton,  '06,  Med.  Corps. 
Peter  M.  Forin,  '06,  died  1.  o.  d. 
Archibald  C.  McGlennon,  '06,  Med.  Corps. 

Charles  P.  Templeton,  '06,  It. -col.,  C.  E.  F.,  Distinguished  Service  Order. 
Walter  C.  Gillis,  '07,  major,  C.  E.  F.,  General  Service  and  Victory  Medals. 
Arthur  V.  Wood,  '08,  major,  C.  E.  F.,  British  Military  Cross,  killed  in  action 

September  1,  1918. 
George  G.  Greer,  '09,  major. 
Parcell  E.  Doncaster,  '10,  It.,  Inf.,  C.  E.  F. 
Angus  U.  Meikle,  '10,  capt. 
George  M.  Thomson,  '11,  major.  Inf.,  C.  E.  F. 
T.  D'Arcy  Sneath,  '11,  major. 
Edward  H.  Wood,  '11,  Med.  Corps,  C.  E.  F. 
Carl  C.  Fitzgerald,  '12,  It.,  Engrs.,  C.  E.  F. 
J.  Ross  Riddell,  '13,  It.,  Inf.,  C.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  October  30,  1917. 

SIGMA 

Enoch  B.  Garey,  '03,  major.  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C,  Croix  de  Guerre, 

citations. 
Amos  W.  Woodcock,  '03,  It. -col..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Harry  R.  Daugherty,  '04,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
Edward  O.  Halbert,  '04,  capt. 
Edward  R.  Padgett,  '04,  capt..  Gen.  Staff. 
Arthur  B.  Cecil,  '05,  Med.  Corps. 
John  M.  Green,  '05,  2d  It. 
Samuel  R.  Hopkins,  '05,  It. -col.,  F.  A. 
Evelyn  A.  Harrison,  '06,  major. 
Andrew  P.  Kelley,  '06,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 
John  B.  Wells,  '06,  2d  It. 
John  T.  Harrison,  '07,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Irving  P.  Kane,  '07,  capt. 
William  N.  Briscoe,  '08,  It. 
Philip  H.  Harrison,  '08,  capt. 
William  Neill,  '08,  Med.  Corps. 
Medorem  Crawford,  '09,  major.  Inf. 
Harry  C.  Ruhl,  '09,  capt..  Inf. 


242  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Charles  H.  Stanley,  '10,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  H.  Davis,  '12,  died  in  France  October  Ki,  l')17. 

Samuel  R.  Deets,  '12,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 

Jack  M.  Hundley,  '12,  Med.  Corps. 

Frederick  N.  Insinger,  '12,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  ¥.,  Croix  de  Guerre  with  Palm. 

William  N.  Paine,  '12,  capt..  Inf. 

George  L.  Winslow,  '12,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  Andrew,  '13,  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Robert  B.  Brattan,  '13,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  April  liil8. 

Edgar  T.  Fell,  '13,  capt.,  A.  E.  F. 

Herman  A.  Gailey,  '13,  Med.  Corps. 

Frederick  H.  Henninghausen,  '13,  1st  It.,  C.  A. 

Augustus  B.  McElderry,  '13,  It.,  A.  E.  F.,  died  1.  o.  d.  September  7,  1918. 

Ira  E.  Ryder,  '13,  1st  It. 

Charles  F.  Wedderburn,  '13,  It.,  U.  S.  S.,  drowned  in  war  zone  with  the 

destroyer  Chauncey. 
Glenn  F.  Williams,  '13,  capt.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 
Francis  W.  Hill,  '14,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 
William  D.  Noble,  '14,  Med.  Corps. 
John  T.  Tucker,  '14,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
Francis  A.  Hause,  '15,  capt.,  C.  A. 
Oliver  P.  Winslow,  '15,  2d  It. 
Joseph  C.  Young,  '15,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 
Galloway  G.  Cheston,  '16,  A.  E.  F. 
Leo  A.  Darley,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

George  Davidson,  '16,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F.,  one  citation. 
J.  Irvin  Heise,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 
Thomas  W.  Ligon,  '16,  capt.,  Cav. 
Jacob  M.  Pearce,  '16,  major.  Marines. 
Philip  P.  Welch,  '16,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

J.  H.  B.  Brashears,  '17,  1st  It.,  Marines,  died  of  disease  January  10,  1919. 
John  C.  Fell,  '17,  Radio  Section,  A.  E.  F. 
Thomas  R.  Holmes,  '17,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
Cecil  C.  Jarman,  '17,  major.  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Robert  H.  Maddox,  '17,  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  W.  Noble,  '17,  capt.,  A.  E.  F. 
Guy  D.  Thompson,  '17,  capt.,  Cav.,  M.  G.  Bn. 
William  B.  Tucker,  '17,  It.,  F.  A. 
Edward  O.  Gardner,  '18,  2d  It., 
Worden  E.  Mack,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
William  J.  Maddox,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
H.  LeRoy  Mencke,  '18,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
Thomas  A.  Northan,  '18,  1st  It. 
James  M.  Walbeck,  '18,  2d  It. 
George  K.  Metzger,  '19,  Inf. 
Morris  C.  Turner,  '19,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 
William  O.  Eareckson,  '20,  Inf. 
John  D.  Christian,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Stanley  B.  Walker,  '21,  Inf. 
Herman  W.  Johnson,  '23,  Inf. 

TAU 

Theodore  I.  Dunn,  '08,  1st  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

Charles  H.  Walker,  '08,  U.  S.  A. 

Frank  T.  Olmstead,  '09,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  J.  March,  '10,  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Lester  S.  Wass,  '10,  capt.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  August  1918. 

John  C.  Warnock,  '10,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Robbins  W.  Barstow,  '11,  chaplain,  F.  A. 

Laurence  Coy,  '11,  Med.  Corps. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  243 

Seth  A.  Emerson,  '11,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

George  M.  French,  '11,  Inf.,  Reg't.  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Raymond  A.  Taylor,  '11,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 

W.  Lawrence  Garrison,  '12,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  W.  Hoban,  '12,  capt.,  Inf. 

William  T.  Middlebrook,  '12,  1st  it.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Charles  W.  Morrill,  '12,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

Dudley  W.  Redfield,  '12,  It.,  Cav.,  A.  E.  F. 

Clifton  Albert  Clarke,  '13,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Grenville  W.  Kimball,  '13,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Francis  D.  Hall,  '14,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ralph  H.  Kelsey,  '14,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  October  16,  1918. 

Richard  V.  McAlIaster,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  M.  G.  Bn. 

Henry  W.  Webber,  '14,  C.  W.  S. 

John  Bache-Wiig,  '15,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Hartwell  W.  Flood,  '15,  French  Amb.  Corps,  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Chandler  H.  Foster,  '15,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Irving  R.  Gale,  '15,  It.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Woodbury  Hough,  '15,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  C.  Huntress,  '15,  2d  It.,  M.  T.  C. 

Elmer  F.  Thyng,  '15,  A.  E.  F. 

Austin  L.  Baker,  '16,  U.  S.  N. 

H.  Clifford  Bean,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Edward  T.  Doyle,  '16,  capt..  Aviation. 

William  A.  Hale,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leonard  W.  Joy,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Lawrence  C.  Mitchell,  '16,  capt.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  F.  Mott,  '16,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Lawrence  L.  Doty,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Clarence  K.  Hawley,  '17,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Richard  L.  Holbrook,  '17,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  C.  Huntress,  '17,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Mosher  S.  Hutchins,  '17,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Charles  B.  Janes,  '17,  Ord.  Dept. 

Samuel  R.  MacKillop,  '17,  Ord.  Dept. 

Christian  M.  Salmonsen,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Chauncey  A.  Steiger,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Percival  Streeter,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

John  C.  Fleming,  '18,  Engrs. 

David  L.  Garfatt,  '18,  Amb.  Corps. 

Sidney  W.  Holbrook,  '18,  Ord.  Dept. 

John  B.  Hurlbut,  '18,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  four  citations,  French  Diploma  of 

Felicitations,  American  Field  Service  Medal,  Croix  de  Guerre. 
Charles  W.  Isbell,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre. 
Clarence  H.  Lewis,  '18,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 
Frank  A.  Lewis,  '18,  Amb.  Corps. 
Thomas  R.  Montgomery,  '18,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Emerson  G.  Morse,  '18,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 
Frank  H.  Reuling,  '18,  Med.  Corps. 
Robert  E.  Ritter,  '18,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Herman  L.  Smith,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Thomas  R.  Tarrant,  '18,  2d  It.,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Adolf  F.  Youngstrom,  '18,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Charles  A.  Bacon,  '19,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  accident  October  1918. 
J.  Bernard  Bradley,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Roy  E.  Beaman,  '19,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Francis  C.  Gillespie,  '19,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 
Harold  Cobb  Harris,  '19,  It.,  j.  g..  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 
Edmund  P.  Howe,  '19,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  E.  Kunkle,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 
Philip  W.  Ransom,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 


244  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Paul  D.  Schriber,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Robert  H.  Smith,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Salvador  A.  Andretta,  '20,  Naval  Aviation 

William  A.  Carter,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

John  E.  Hill,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Caryl  F.  Holbrook,  '20,  Q.  M.  C. 

Francis  I.  Hutchins,  '20,  Inf.,  O.  T.  S. 

Paul  D.  Kay,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Lester  A.  Patterson,  '20,  2d  It.,  Marines. 

Benjamin  Pearson,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

John  W.  Prentiss,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Stephen  P.  Ryder,  '20,  It.,  R.  F.  C,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  section  citation. 

Richard  E.  Welch,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

Robert  C.  Winters,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Carl  Bache-Wiig,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

David  Cummings  Bowen,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

Joseph  B.  Folger,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harry  B.  Garland,  '21,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

William  F.  Kearns,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Nelson  S.  McCraw,  '21,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Lincoln  H.  Weld,  '21,  M.  T.  C. 

James  N.  Brown,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  G.  Gallagher,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

James  E.  Hurley,  '23,  Marines. 

UPSILON 

George  G.  Shor,  '06,  major,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  E.  Hallborg,  '07,  Radio  Service. 

Elmer  J.  Bunting,  '08,  capt..  Inf. 

Frederick  G.  Keyes,  '09,  major,  C.  W.  S.,  A.  E.  F. 

Alberti  Roberts,  '09,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  H.  Hibbs,  '10,  Med.  Corps. 

Isaac  S.  Rowe,  '10,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Jam.es  L.  Crawshaw,  '11,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

George  R.  Hill,  '11,  major.  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  H.  Roalf,  '11,  2d  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Max  O.  Pinkham,  '12,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Walter  C.  Robertson,  '12,  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Daniel  L.  Mahoney,  '13,  F.  A.,  O.  T.  S. 

Ernest  R.  Cleaveland,  '14,  F.  A.  ,A.  E.  F. 

Paul  P.  Henson,  '14,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Woodbury  F.  Pride,  '14,  capt.,  Cav. 

Harold  H.  Sprague,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Russell  L.  Bateman,  '15,  Inf.,  died  en  route  to  France. 

Monroe  E.  Fagan,  '15,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Herman  N.  Harcourt,  '15,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

George  E.  Richardson,  '15,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

Amos  B.  Root,  '15,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 

Richard  B.  Stanley,  '15,  It.,  s.  g..  Naval  Aviation. 

Harold  M.  Taylor,  '15,  U.  S.  N. 

Clayton  R.  Phillips,  '16,  Ord.  Dept. 

John  M.  Dowe,  '18,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Alfred  R.  Holden,  '18,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  W.  Kallstrom,  '18,  Ord.  Dept. 

Lawrence  W.  Jordan,  '19,  Inf.,  O.  T.  S. 

Wallace  A.  Moyle,  '19,  A.  E.  F. 

Herbert  H.  Pepler,  '19.  Q.  M.  C. 

Everett  A.  Wight,  '19,  F.  A. 

Merrill  K.  Bennett,  '20,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  R.  Kent,  '20,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  245 

Charles  R.  Phillips,  '20,  Ord.  Dept. 
Raymond  S.  Stiles,  '20,  2d  It.,  M.  G.  Bn. 
Robert  K.  Bard,  '21,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Frederick  R.  Paty,  '21,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Robert  B.  Cruise,  '23,  O.  T.  S. 

PHI 

Maurice  E.  Griest,  '04,  1st  It.,  Engrs. 

Robert  H.  Farley,  '09,  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Russell  A.  Henry,  '11,  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

James  A.  Watson,  '11,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

Warren  W.  Weaver,  '12,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Edward  H.  Williamson,  '13,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Earle  Gatchell,  '14,  capt.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Max  R.  Stockton,  '14,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  M.  Beury,  '15,  1st  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

Norman  Sherrerd,  '15,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  J.  Stites,  '15,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Joseph  D.  Stites,  '15,  Sig.  Corps. 

A  Raymond  Albertson,  '16,  Inf. 

Herbert  L.  Brown,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

J.  Dwight  Murch,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Samuel  S.  Shoemaker,  '16,  Ord.  Dept. 

Lewis  L.  Tanguy,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Cyril  Ainsworth,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  Ainsworth,  '17,  killed  in  airplane  accident  December  19,  1917. 

J.  Wilson  Ames,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Richard  D.  Brooke,  '17,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Dudley  A.  Jenkins,  '17,  Med.  Corps. 

Walter  B.  Lang,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Conrad  C.  Lesley,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Clarence  E.  McNeill,  '17,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Norman  G.  Shidle,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Ralph  H.  Heacock,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Henry  Strong,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Marcus  Ainsworth,  '19,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

John  P.  Ferris,  '19,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Stanley  Hibberd,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

Allister  R.  Jones,  '19,  1st  It. 

J.  Holland  Heck,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

T-  Minshell  Holden,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Chester  W.  Vanderbilt,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harry  C.  Wigmore,  '19,  M.  T.  O.  T.  S. 

Eric  Ainsworth,  '21,  Naval  Aviation. 

James  W.  Lukens,  '21,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

John  C.  Longstreth,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 

Edwin  S.  Baker,  '23,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

Elwood  S.  Deakyne,  '23,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  S.  McConnell,  '23,  Q.  M.  C. 

David  Rose,  '23,  Med.  Corps. 

CHI 

David  L.  Belding,  '05,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Homer  P.  Little,  '06,  S.  A.  T.  C. 

Harry  C.  Blagbrough,  '07,  capt.,  Const.  Div. 

KarlS.  Wells,  '07,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Carl  W.  Rand,  '08.  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Noble  W.  Sheldon,  '08,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  E.  Brady,  '09,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 


246  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Mahlon  E.  Hopkins,  '09,  capt.,  Ca\ . 

Stanley  P.  Benton,  '10,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Corps. 

Daniel' L.  Bridgman,  '10,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  D.  Carrington,  '10,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

Joseph  A.  Ehart,  '10,  capt..  Inf. 

Leon  S.  Pratt,  '10,  chaplain. 

Francis  L.  Andrews,  '11,  1st  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

George  A.  Davis,  Jr.,  '12,  capt.,  Inf. 

Edwin  O.  Perrin,  '12,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

Frank  Prentice  Rand,  '12,  Med.  Corps. 

William  Boynton.  '13,  capt.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F.,  citation,  G.  H.  O.,  May  26, 

1919. 
Howard  E.  Duryea,  '13,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
Frederick  C.  Hewlett,  '13,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 
Winthrop  L.  Sheedy,  '13,  F.  A. 
G.  Terry  Curtis,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
Henry  M.  Lester,  '14,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  S.  D. 
Harvey  E.  Wellman,  '14,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Eugene  M.  Cole,  '15,  capt.,  Inf. 
Howard  C.  Cole,  '15,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Harold  F.  Cowperthwaite,  '15,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  October  25,  iei8. 
Conrad  F.  Cutler,  '15,  Engrs.,  O.  T.  S. 
Herbert  N.  French,  '15,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 
J.  Fay  Newton,  '15,  2d  It.,  F.  A.  ,A.  E.  F. 
A.  Perry  Waterman,  '15,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Samuel  Newton  Bacon,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Kurt  Battenhaussen,  '16,  Inf. 
Gordon  W.  Cameron,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
Albert  L.  Grindy,  '16,  Inf. 
Walter  E.  Seibert,  '16,  capt.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 
John  Stebbins,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  Citation  Orders  No.  4,  by  General 

Pershing. 
Ernest  C.  F.  Greeff,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Donald  N.  Swain,  '17,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 
Coleman  Allen,  '18,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Edwin  K.  Bertine,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Richard  W.  Chapman,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
C.  H.  Stuart  Eaton,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 
Bradley  B.  Hammond,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre  de  I'Arniee, 

Croix  de  Guerre  de  I'Escadrille. 
Francis  W.  Swian,  '18,  1st  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Henry  Burr  Anthony,  Jr.,  '19,  2d  it.,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Paul  M.  Beach,  '19,  Amb.  Corps. 
Harvey  Spencer,  '19,  2d  It.,  C.  W.  S. 

Albert  C.  Wunderlich,  '19,  It.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  September  28,  1018. 
K.  H.  Behre,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
John  A.  Coe,  Jr.,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
Joseph  W.  Lester,  '20,  Aviation. 
Ralph  S.  Munger,  '20,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 
Bradford  C.  Seaman,  '20,  C.  A. 
Richard  C.  Whitin,  '20,  Aviation. 
Stewart  Winslow,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
John  C.  Baker,  '21,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 
George  Bergen  Carman,  '21,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 
Richard  deR.  S.  Combes,  '21,  F.  A. 
John  W.  Crofts,  '21,  F.  A.  O.  T.  S. 
Louis  Sherwood  Irwin,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Albert  W.  Bianchi,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Sherwood  T.  Peckham,  '22,  Inf. 
Roger  Wood  Wentworth,  '22,  U.  S.  X.  R.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  247 

PS  I 

W.  Jefferson  Davis,  '07,  major,  Aviation. 

Leon  L.  Rice,  '07,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Royal  K.  Joslin,  '08,  Med.  Corps. 

Emmet  Y.  Burton,  '10,  col.,  O.  T.  S. 

Sam.uel  R.  Miller,  '10,  capt.,  Inf. 

Jesse  B.  Adams,  '11,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

George  W.  Christian,  '11,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edwin  W.  Holladay,  '11,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

John  S.  Elliott,  '12,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  T.  Porter,  '12,  major,  Med.  Corps. 

William  M.  Strawn,  '12,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Grariot  Washburne,  '12,  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  _E.  F. 

Morris  Fontaine  Briggs,  '13,  died  of  disease,  January,  191S. 

Sidney  P.  Driscoll,  '14,  U.  S.  N. 

Charles  C.  Julian,  '14,  It.,  Inf. 

Holston  J.  Cherry,  '15,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Lucius  G.  Gage,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

George  M.  Wright,  '15,  It.,  Inf. 

Edward  S.  Hemphill,  '16,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  Letcher  Harrison,  '16,  Amb.  Corps,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Allen  Whitney  Wright,  '16,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  Cecil  Baker,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

William  R.  Quvnn,  '22,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Paul  L.  Weir,  '23,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

OMEGA 

Ralph  Benton,  '06,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Edward  K.  Strong,  '06,  It. -col..  Inf. 

Charles  B.  Douglas,  '09,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Warren  K.  Hillyard,  '09,  1st  It.,  Engrs. 

Samuel  P.  Colt,  '10,  capt.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Nathan  H.  Jones,  '10,  It.-col.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Oswald  H.  Robertson,  '10,  major,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Francis  R.  Steel,  '10,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

George  G.  Steel,  '10,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Addison  G.  Strong,  '10,  Engrs. 

Stephen  C.  Whipple,  '10,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Lester  O.  Wolcott,  '10,  1st  It.,  Engrs. 

Herbert  C.  Kelly,  '11,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

Earl  V.  Wilmar,  '11,  Sig.  Corps. 

Claude  C.  Brown,  '12,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Beverley  S.  Clendinin,  '12,  major.  Inf. 

Elton  R.  Charvoz,  '12,  Med.  Corps. 

William  R.  Cobb,  '12,  It.-comdr.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Kenneth  W.  Robarts,  '12,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  I.  Beeson,  '13,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Roscoe  L.  Berglund,  '13,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Harold  J.  Bruhns,  '13,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Floyd  B.  Rice,  '13,  1st  It.,  Den.  Corps. 

Hiram  L.  Ricks,  '13,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Iral  J.  Roller,  '13,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Rolla  B.  Watt,  '13,  Ord.  Dept. 

Howard  Becker,  '14,  Med.  Corps. 

Forrest  A.  Cobb,  '14,  capt.,  A.  E.  F._ 

James  M.  Douglas,  '14,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Springer  F.  Evans,  '14,  It.,  Naval  Aviation. 

James  A.  Giacomini,  '14,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Mansel  P.  Griffiths,  '14,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 


248  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

A.  Howard  Hanky,  '14,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  died  1.  o.  d. 

Ralph  E.  Beckett,  '15,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Homer  H.  Coolidge,  '15,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

Wilfrid  H.  Geis,  '15,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Horace  N.  Heisen,  '15,  major.  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Lewis  H.  Moore,  '15,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Robert  H.  Peddycord,  '15,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Laclair  D.  Schulze,  '15,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Frederick  P.  Taggart,  '15,  Marines,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action. 

Desmond  M.  Teeter,  '15,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Rufus  F.  Young,  '15,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Frederick  W.  Brown,  '16j  Med.  Corps. 

Robert  E.  Graf, '16,  A.  E.  F. 

Clinton  G.  Munson,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Clarence  R.  Murphy,  '16,  Naval  Aviation,  died  of  disease,  October  9,  1918 

Robert  L.  Smith,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lewis  R.  Byington,  '17,  capt..  Inf. 

Harold  S.  McCaughey,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Charles  F.  Roeth,  '17,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

R.  Raymond  Rohlfing,  '17,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Harry  K.  White,  '17,  capt.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ralph  C.  White,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Charles  J.  Fern,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Charles  L.  Frost,  '18,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

L.  Ludwell  Harlan,  '18,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

Arthur  J.  McHenry,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

John  R.  McKee,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Frank  McNeill,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Stanley  J.  Moisant,  '18,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

Arthur  M.  Steintorf,  '18,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  B.  von  Adelung,  '18,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Stephen  N.  Wilson,  '18,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Alexander  H.  Cummings,  '19,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Clifford  T.  Dodds,  '19,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Lewis  J.  Fredley,  '19,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Andrew  T.  Hass,  91,  C.  A. 

Miller  R.  Huston,  '19,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Richard  J.  Russell,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Carlton  W.  Schlingheyde,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Edward  V.  Tenny,  '19,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Fred  Turner,  '19,  Aviation. 

Edwin  H.  Uhl,  '19,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

James  A.  Wasson,  '19,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Carleton  C.  Chesley,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Donald  B.  Crystal,  '20,  H.  A. 

Ernest  M.  Frellson,  '20,  C.  A. 

Frank  B.  McGurrin,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

William  N.  McLain,  '20,  Med.  Corps. 

Victor  W.  Nielson,  '20,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  A.  Roberts,  '20,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  J.  Skaale,  '20,  Naval  Radio. 

Louis  C.  Barrette,  '21,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  B.  Champion,  '21,  C.  A. 

Russell  M.  Leadingham,  '21,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  M.  Hendricks,  '22,  F.  A. 

David  E.  Andrew,  '23,  Naval  Aviation. 

Paul  R.  Avis,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Albert  H.  Henson,  '23,  C.  A. 

Cecil  C.  Mathews,  '23,  C.  E.  F. 

Floyd  P.  Rupe,  '23,  Marines. 

Roscoe  K.  Andrews,  '24,  A.  E.  F. 

Douglas  D.  Crystal,  '24,  It.,  Tank  Corps. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  249 


ALPHA  DEUTERON 


Royal  R.  Moss,  '10,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Clay  E.  Crapnell,  '11,  Aviation. 

Walter  Roman,  '12,  capt.,  Bal.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  H.  Warnock,  '12,  F.  A. 

Charles  M.  Crain,  '13,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Ralph  W.  Hardinger,  '13,  capt.,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

John  D.  Jacobson,  '13,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  D.  Morrow,  '13,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Ravmond  A.  Nelson,  '13.  1st  It.,  Tank  Corps. 

Charles  A.  O'Connor,  '13,  capt..  O.  M.  C. 

Mancel  Talcott,  '13,  U.  S.  N. 

Harold  K.  Baltzer,  '14,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Richard  L.  Byrd,  '14,  capt..  Marines. 

Frederick  R.  Fleig,  '14,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Henry  M.  Hewitt,  '15,  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Frank  H.  Newcomb,  '14,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Charles  M.  Roefer,  '14,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Oscar  Roman,  '14,  capt.,  Bal.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

H.  Pierce  Vandercook,  '14,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Norman  K.  Wilson,  '14,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

David  T.  Larsen,  '15,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  M.  Metzler,  '15,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

William  F.  Thorpe,  '15,  O.  T.  S. 

Arthur  L.  Wanner,  '15,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Dwight  I.  Johnson,  '16,  C.  A. 

Irwin  D.  Rich,  '16,  U.  S.  N. 

A.  J.  W.  Armstrong,  '17,  A.  E.  F. 

Kenneth  Buchanan,  '17,  1st  It.,  H.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

William  R.  Branch,  '17,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Franc  J.  Gardner,  '17,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Cleo  J.  Lingenfelter,  '17,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  A.  Logan,  '17,  1st  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

Lawrence  J.  Roedel,  '17,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  H.  Ruedi,  '17,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

John  W.  Teasdale,  '17,  1st  It.,  InL,  A.  E.  F. 

John  W.  Dietz,  '18,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  D.  Martin,  '18,  U.  S.  N. 

Ernest  McEvers.  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Louis  J.  Selzer,  '18,  O.  T.  S. 

Donald  N.  Gellert,  '19,  Aviation. 

Harry  D.  Gotti,  '19,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  E.  L.  Kraeckmann,  '19,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Charles  M.  Leggett,  '19,  F.  A. 

Jesse  R.  Long,  '19,  F.  A. 

Ralph  O.  Metzler,  '19,  O.  T.  S. 

Paul  S.  Nelson.  '19,  Aviation. 

Henry  G.  Schenck,  '19,  F.  A. 

Vernon  G.  Schenck,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 

Frank  H.  Stoll,  '19,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Charles  L.  Wilder,  '19,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Delmar  I.  Allman,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Rolfe  M.  Hays,  '20,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

John  D.  Kingery,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Thomas  S.  McDowell,  '20,  1st  It.,  A.  E.  F. 

Hermon  G.  McMillan,  '20,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

Dayton  O.  Schrader,  '20,  Tank  Corps. 

Lawson  S.  Talbert,  '20,  2d  It.,  Q.  M.  C. 

George  H.  Baum,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Donald  M.  Bvers,  '21,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 


250  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Charles  M.  Carman,  '21,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ralph  G.  Crammond,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lorn  M.  Gossett,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Hugo  P.  Gotti,  '21,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Gordon  A.  Holderman,  '21,  Tank  Corps. 

Othmar  L.  Moore,  '21,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Verl  F.  Van  Meter,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Owen  J.  Main,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Leonard  J.  Reis,  '22,  O.  T.  S. 

Carlos  D.  Wilson,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Pharis  W.  Blew,  '28,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

BETA  DEUTERON 

Edgar  B.  Rehnke,  '09,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

Glenn  GuUickson,  '10,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

George  W.  Jevne,  '10,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Benedict  S.  Ash,  '11,  Aviation,  O.  T.  S. 

Frank  M.  Totten,  '11,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Llewllyn  H.  Francis,  '12,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Francis  L.  GuUickson,  '12,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Charles  H.  Jones,  '12.  capt..  Inf. 

Addison  Lewis,  '12,  O.  T.  S. 

Leonard  C.  Brusletten,  '13,  capt.,  Med.  Corps. 

Harold  S.  Chapin,  '13,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

Norman  Conn,  '13,  Inf. 

Warren  W.  Getchell,  '13,  Q.  M.  C,  Naval  i\viation,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  B.  Haworth,  '13,  1st  It.,  Engrs. 

Dennis  E.  Hogan,  '13,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps,  Inf. 

George  O.  Huev,  '13,  major,  F.  A. 

Cecil  M.  Jones;  '13,  Med.  Corps. 

Ferdinand  B.  Peik,  '13,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

Clinton  A.  Rehnke,  '13,  capt.,  Inf. 

Carroll  W.  Armstrong,  '14,  Aviation. 

Loren  R.  Brooks,  '14,  major,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  H.  Granfield,  '14,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Maurice  W.  Hewett,  '14,  1st  It.,  Engrs. 

Charles  S.  Hixon,  '14,  Engrs. 

Donald  K.  Hudson,  '14,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  D.  Levering,  '14,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Rufus  H.  Milne,  '14,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Stanley  L.  Ringold,  '14,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Weston  S.  Schouler,  '14,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Victor  S.  Armstrong,  '15,  It.,  s.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 

Reginald  D.  Chisholm,  '15,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

James  W.  Collar,  '15,  Aviation. 

James  W.  Collar,  '15,  Aviation. 

Thorwald  S.  Hansen,  '15,  2d  It.,  Engrs. 

Leo  A.  Temmey,  '15,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Roswell  S.  Wilkes,  '15,  Inf. 

George  D.  Armstrong,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

C.  Rudolph  Dahl,  '16,  Marines. 

Charles  H.  Davis.  '16,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Samuel  C.  Gale,  '16,  1st  It..  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  R.  Glotfelter,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  died  of  wounds  October  5,  1918. 

Ernest  S.  Golden,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Charles  G.  Woehler,  '16,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Donald  A.  Young.  '16,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

George  B.  Allen,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Albert  P.  Baston,  '17,  capt.,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Ingram  Brusletten,  '17,  Amb.  Service,  Italian  Army. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  251 

Herbert  W.  Gillard,  '17,  Engrs. 

Reuben  W.  Lovering,  '17,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Thomas  S.  Lovering,  '17,  Q.  M.  C,  U.  S.  N. 

Paul  G.  Peik,  '17,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Harold  O.  Shackell,  '17,  1st  It..  Med.  Corps. 

Ray  D.  Curry,  '18,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Leon  F.  Gates,  '18,  Aviation. 

Newton  E.  Holland,  '18.  C.  A. 

Garrett  T.  Mandeville,  '18,  Naval  Aviation,  killed  in  accident  August  1-3,  1918. 

Frank  G.  Moore,  '18,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Earl  W.  Plonty,  '18,  Med.  Corps. 

Milo  C.  Flaten,  '19,  C.  A. 

Earl  C.  Fuller,  '19,  Aviation. 

Floyd  H.  Fuller,  '19,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Henry  L  Fossen,  '19,  Aviation. 

Ralph  Gracie,  '19,  1st  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action. 

George  P.  Hough,  '19,  2d  It.,  M.  G.  Bn. 

Lorenz  S.  Kisor,  '19,  2d  It.,  C.  A.,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  R.  Mauseau,  '19,  F.  A. 

Harold  J.  Pond,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

Arthur  A.  Rowland,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Frederic  C.  Wagenhals,  '19,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Hans  E.  Bernt,  '20,  Engrs. 

Roy  W.  Brand,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Melvin  C.  Dahl,  '20,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

Edward  K.  Endress,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Russell  Gates,  '20,  C.  A. 

Harry  L.  Greenlief,  '20,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Wallace  W.  Hankins,  '20,  Aviation. 

Sidney  W.  Jensen,  '20,  F.  A. 

Frank  A.  Kent,  '20,  Engrs. 

Clifford  R.  Raiter,  '20,  Naval  Aviation. 

Roswell  B.  Rehnke,  '21,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Peter  T.  Renter,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Roswell  Baker,  '22,  Aviation. 

George  L.  Lindsay,  '22,  U.  S.  N. 

Graham  D.  Mandeville,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lester  M.  Bergford,  '23,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Vere  H.  Broderick,  '23,  Marines. 

Brvan  K.  Currv,  '23,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Merle  G.  DeForrest,  '23,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Douglas  G.  Lytle,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Nathaniel  R.  Hankins,  '23,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Harlan  J.  Nygaard,  '23,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Frederick  K.  Spaulding,  '23,  Marines. 

Guv  Taylor,  '24,  Med.  Corps. 

William  A.  Turner,  '2-4,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Thomas  W.  Walsh,  '24,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Robert  P.  Bayard,  Engrs. 

Lloyd  S.  Mitchell,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  Sinclair,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Arthur  M.  McCoy,  U.  S.  N. 

GAMMA  DEUTERON 

Arthur  Woodman,  '11,  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Philip  V.  Alexander,  '12,  Aviation. 
Ralph  L.  Helm,  '12,  O.  T.  S. 
Earl  W.  Mayne,  '12,  It.,  Vet.  Corps. 
George  H.  Montillon,  '12,  Ord.  Dept. 
Joe  F.  Wall,  '12,  It.,  Vet.  Corps. 


252  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Gates  Harpel,  '13,  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  R.  Simpson,  '13,  capt.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Owen  A.  Garretson,  '14,  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Albert  J.  Diserens,  '15,  F.  A. 

John  R.  Miller,  '15,  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Charles  E.  Wiley,  '15,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Robert  M.  Woodworth,  '15,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

J.  T.  R.  Cessna,  '16,  F.  A. 

James  J.  Wallace,  '16,  Ord.  Dept.,  M.  P.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  B.  Allison,  '17,  O.  T.  S. 

Nathan  F.  Andrews,  '17,  F.  A. 

Charles  M.  Bilderback,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F.,  died  of  disease  October  15,  1918. 

Daniel  R.  CoUins,  '17,  Q.  M.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

George  F.  Fisher,  '17,  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Frederick  A.  Lauer,  '17,  U.  S.  N. 

Howard  E.  Taake,  '17,  Q.  M.  C. 

Gordon  E.  Anderson,  '18,  M.  T.  C. 

Wayne  C.  Blair,  '18,  Sig.  Corps. 

Paul  C.  Boylan,  '18,  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  E.  Berg,  '18,  It.,  F.  A. 

Donald  C.  Bryant,  '18,  A.  E.  F. 

Ralph  H.  Campbell,  '18,  It.,  F.  A. 

Charles  E.  Fish,  '18,  Marines. 

Lyle  F.  LeProvost,  '18,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  J.  Maynard,  '18,  capt.,  Cav. 

Raymond  S.  Wetzel,  '18,  C.  A. 

George  B.  Wiley,  '18,  It.,  M.  T.  C. 

George  K.  Engelhart,  '19,  It.,  Inf. 

George  A.  Evans,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

Roland  D.  Hall,  '19,  It.,  F.  A. 

Louis  C.  Hruska,  '19,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Carroll  B.  Mershon,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Donald  R.  Merchant,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 

Lloyd  M.  Stover,  '19,  It.,  A.  E.  F. 

Roger  H.  Williams,  '19,  O.  T.  S. 

Harold  E.  Woodward,  '19,  M.  P. 

Chester  S.  Adams,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

John  H.  Bell,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harmon  A.  Sly,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Harold  E.  Thompson,  '20,  Marines. 

Vivian  B.  Vanderloo,  '20,  Med.  Corps. 

Ira  K.  Ewalt,  '21,  Tank  Corps. 

Earle  S.  Marsh,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

Merritt  L.  Sutton,  '21,  Tank  Corps. 

Clarence  W.  Sunday,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lester  V.  Swearingen,  '22,  C.  A. 

DELTA  DEUTERON 

Warren  J.  Vinton,  '11,  Red  Cross,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  Rouge  de  Serbie,  Order  of 

St.  Sava. 
John  E.  Roth,  '12,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 
Ralph  M.  Snyder,  '12,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 
Ward  F.  Davidson,  '13,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 
Arthur  F.  Basset,  '14,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 
Albert  D.  Chipman,  '14,  major,  Cav.,  A.  E.  F. 
Robert  K.  Vinton,  '14,  capt.,  Q.  M.  C. 
William  H.  White,  '14,  1st  It.,  Inf. 
Claude  S.  Buchanan,  '15,  It.,  Aviation. 
Donald  M.  Cook,  '15,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 
Oliver  B.  Enselman,  '15,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  253 

Louis  W.  Rabe,  '15,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Roice  A.  Traphagan,  '15,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Lee  E.  Banghart,  '16,  Inf. 

Eber  M.  Carroll,  '16,  It..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  B.  F.  Champlin,  '16,  O.  T.  S. 

Norman  H.  Davidson,  '16,  2d  It.,  Engrs. 

William  B.  Jensen,  '16,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Roy  A.  Nord,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  W.  Ogilbee,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Walter  E.  Rankin,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Dean  W.  Taj'lor,  '16,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R,  F. 

Benjamin  H.  Schaphorst,  '16,  C.  A. 

Maxwell  B.  Cutting,  '17,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

George  S.  Fontanna,  '17,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Carleton  W.  Reade,  '17,  Ord.  Dept. 

Fred  R.  Walter,  '17,  2d  It.,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  O.  White,  '17,  2d  It.,  Inf.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Medard  W.  Welch,  '17,  Lab.  Corps,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Charles  E.  Briggs,  '18,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

Arthur  W.  Ehrlicher,  '18,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Gordon  B.  Hooton,  '18,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Lee  D.  Handy,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Hermann  Henze,  '18,  F.  A. 

Howard  W.  Jones,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Russell  J.  Knapp,  '18,  Aviation. 

Harold  D.  Koonsman,  '18,  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Roscoe  R.  Rau,  '18,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Francis  D.  Reider,  '18,  Naval  Aviation. 

Norm.an  C.  Bender,  '19,  Med.  Corps. 

William  A.  Carl,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Robert  K.  Hart,  '19,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Frank  S.  Rowley,  '19,  U.  S.  N. 

William  P.  Sanford,  '19,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept.,  Certificate  of  Merit  from  Chief  of 

Ordnance. 
Henry  B.  Vinkemulder,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
John  H.  Belknap,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Haynes  E.  Edison,  '20,  M.  G.  O.  T.  S. 
Charles  W.  Stoll,  '20,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
James  A.  Barger,  '21,  Naval  Aviation. 
David  A.  Forbes,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
William  H.  Gridley,  '21,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 
Edward  S.  Kingsford,  '21,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 
Laurens  A.  Packard,  '21,  Naval  Aviation,  O.  T.  S. 
Joseph  W.  Planck,  '21,  O.  T.  S. 
Hubert  H.  Raisky,  '21,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 
Peter  J.  Van  Rossum,  '21,  U.  .S.  N.  R.  F. 
Bernard  D.  Wicks,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
David  Gray,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
James  N.  Savage,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Paul  O.  Strawhecker,  '22,  2d  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 
Robert  W.  Taylor,  '22,  U.  S.  N.  - 
Thorne  J.  Brown,  '23,  U.  S.  N. 
Earl  W.  Dunn,  '23,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 
Paul  G.  Goebel,  '23,  U.  S.  N. 
Volnev  C.  Harmon,  '23,  O.  T.  S. 
Paul  H.  Garvey,  '23,  O.  T.  S. 
George  E.  Planck,  '23,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 
Cecil  O.  Creal,  '24.  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 


254  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 


EPSILON  DEUTERON 

Alexander  W.  Duff,  Hon.,  Ord.  Dept. 

John  A.  Spaulding,  Hon.,  Inf. 

Charles  B.  Wagner,  '08,  capt.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  M.  Bond,  '15,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Joseph  E.  Roy,  '15,  It.,  j.  g.,  Const.  Corps,  U.  S.  N. 

Frederick  P.  Church,  '16,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Elmer  H.  Gardner,  '16,  C.  W.  S.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  H.  Gerald,  '16,  F.  A. 

William  H.  Knowles,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Valentine  H.  Libbey,  '16,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Joel  L.  Manson,  '16,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Ellery  E.  Royal,  '16,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Harris  E.  Whiting,  '16,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Richard  W.  Young,  '16,  2d  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  M.  Bates,  '17,  capt..  Inf. 

Maxton  H.  Flint,  '17,  capt..  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leland  A.  Gardner,  '17,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Everett  B.  Janvrin,  '17,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lester  W.  Kimball,  '17,  Med.  Corps. 

Roger  C.  Lawrence,  '17,  Sig.  Corps. 

Haines  S.  Quinby,  '17,  capt.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

F.  Gordon  Barber,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Gordon  K.  Berry,  '18,  1st  It.,  R.  F.  C. 

Sylvester  B.  Bubier,  '18,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Harold  S.  Davis,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Charles  S.  Howard,  ']8,  Inf. 

Raymond  H.  Shaw,  '18,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harrison  I.  Turner,  '18,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

James  E.  Arnold,  '19,  It.,  j.  g.,  U.  S.  N. 

Donald  N.  Bronson,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Edgar  R.  Jones,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Samuel  P.  Jones,  '19,  ens.,  Naval  Aviation. 

Richard  D.  Lambert,  '19,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Eldridge  H.  Lloyd,  '19,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Austin  H.  Welch,  '19,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Frederick  W.  Bauder,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Carl  H.  Berg,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Harold  D.  Jacques,  '20,  Aviation. 

Fred  H.  Mills,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Charles  W.  Parsons,  '20,  C.  A. 

Gilbert  F.  Perry,  '20,  C.  A. 

Robert  A.  Peterson,  '20,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Clayton  T.  Pierce,  '20,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Kenneth  C.  Russell,  '20,  ens.,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Rudolph  C.  Stange,  '20,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Ernest  Thompson,  '20,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Roger  S.  Warren,  '20,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

George  L.  White,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

George  A.  Winckler,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Frank  K.  Brown,  '21,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Edward  I.  Burleieh,  '21,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F 

Wendell  W.  Campbell,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Myron  D.  Chase,  '21,  Naval  Radio. 

George  P.  Condit,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

William  N.  Dudley,  '21,  Inf. 

Walter  G.  Fielder,  '21,  2d  It.,  Inf. 

Harland  G.  Foster,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Carroll  A.  Huntington,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Lyle  J.  Morse,  '21,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  255 

Russell  D.  Noyes,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Kenneth  R.  Perry,  '21,  Inf. 
Richard  M.  Seagrave,  '21,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 
Harold  B.  Whitmore,  '21,  H.  A. 
Donald  F.  Farnsworth,  '22,  U.  S.  N. 
Lawrence  S.  Potter,  '22,  2d  It.,  Inf. 
Carroll  Stoughton,  '22,  Ord.  Corps. 
Ira  S.  Bushnell,  '23,  U.  S.  N. 
Winthrop  T.  Morgan,  '23,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 
Raymond  D.  Morrison,  '23,  Naval  Radio. 
Axel  F.  Nilson,  '24,  C.  A. 

ZETA  DEUTERON 

Alfred  Buser,  '12,  capt..  Inf. 

Robert  N.  McKirnan,  '13,  capt.,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Joseph  Bur,  '14,  ens.,  U.  S.  N. 

Charles  O.  Jandl,  '14,  Q.  M.  C. 

George  Moore,  '14,  1st  It.,  Med.  Corps. 

Charles  S.  Perry,  '14,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Leland  A.  Wells,  '14,  capt.,  F.  A. 

Harry  J.  Herzog,  '15,  1st  It.,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Eugene  D.  Holden,  '15,  Naval  Aviation. 

James  A.  Laud,  '15,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Ernest  A.  Isenberg,  '16,  capt.,  M.  G.  Bn.,  A.  E.  F. 

Edward  L.  Burwell,  '17,  capt..  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Wilbert  C.  Hendricks,  '17,  O.  T.  S. 

Gustaf  H.  Lindberg,  '17,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  Belgian  War  Cross. 

Erwin  O.  Luebchow,  '17,  2d  It.,  C.  A. 

Henry  M.  Powell,  '17,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  H.  Robinson,  '17,  1st  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C. 

Karl  A.  Schmidt,  '17,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Howard  A.  Sukeforth,  '17,  1st  It.,  F.  A. 

William  Wallrich,  '17,  1st  It.,  A.  E.  F.,  killed  in  action  July  23,  1918. 

William  Cody,  '18,  2d  It.,  H.  A. 

Earle  F.  Drow,  '18,  Ord.  Dept.,  A.  E.  F. 

Arthur  E.  Espeland,  '18,  Engrs. 

Edward  C.  Gratiot,  '18,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

James  A.  Peachey,  '18,  2d  It.,  Ord.  Dept. 

George  J.  Silbernagel,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

George  H.  Stueber,  '18,  2d  It.,  F.  A. 

Herbert  W.  Weber,  '18,  2d  It.,  Sig.  Corps. 

William  W.  Earle,  '19,  Amb.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Harold  J.  Kelley,  '19,  O.  T.  S. 

William  A.  Nuzum,  '19,  Ord.  Dept. 

Charles  A.  Pfahl,  '19,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  Dohr,  '20,  Ord.  Dept. 

Charles  L.  Kimball,  '20,  U.  S.  N.  R.  F. 

Burton  W.  Melcher,  '20,  ens..  Naval  Aviation. 

George  D.  Theisen,  '20.  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Harry  L.  Westphal,  '20,  O.  T.  S. 

Howard  H.  Beck,  '21,  U.  S.  A. 

Newman  L.  Dunne,  '21,  H.  A.,  A.  E.  F.,  regimental  citation. 

Robert  E.  Hardell,  '21,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

James  A.  Lounsbury,  '21,  2d  It.,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

Lewis  W.  Morrisev.  '21,  Inf. 

Edward  G.  Silbernagel,  '21,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Don  W.  Smith,  '21,  Inf. 

Casey  V.  Loomis,  '22,  Marines,  A.  E.  F.,  D.  S.  C,  U.  S.  N.  Cross,  Croix  de 

Guerre  with  gold  star,  two  citations. 
Ansley  B.  McConnell,  '22,  A.  E.  F. 


256  Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

Sylvester  G.  Kalley,  '23,  U.  S.  N. 

Deane  A.  Millman,  '23,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Donald  Milman,  '23,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Jerome  M.  Pickford,  '23,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

George  P.  Ruediger.  '23,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F. 

John  D.  Swift,  '23,  U.  S.  N. 

Wesley  A.  Voss,  '23,  It.,  j.  g.,  Naval  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

ETA  DEUTERON 

Ward  W.  Lusk,  '13,  It.,  U.  S.  N. 

William  H.  Settelmeyer,  '14,  2d  It.,  Engrs. 

John  I.  Cazier,  '15,  U.  S.  A. 

Chester  A.  Patterson,  '15,  U.  S.  A. 

Theodore  L.  Withers,  '15,  It.,  H.  A. 

George  C.  Henningsen,  '16,  U.  S.  N. 

Oliver  W.  Layman,  '16,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Gardner  L.  Chism,  '17,  2d  ft.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  W.  Heard,  '17,  1st  It.,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Carl  D.  Kemper,  '17,  It.,  Tank  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

William  E.  Melarkey,  '17,  1st  It.,  M.  G.  Bn. 

Vernon  C.  Organ,  '17,  1st  It.,  Aviation. 

WiUiam  A.  Pennell,  '17,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Charles  S.  Short,  '17,  Aviation,  A.  E.  F. 

John  W.  Smith,  '17,  Sig.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Bordner  F.  Ascher,  '18,  cadet,  West  Point. 

Edward  C.  Cazier,  '18,  U.  S.  A. 

C.  Howard  Candland,  '18,  It.,  F.  A. 

Robert  E.  Donovan,  '18,  It.,  Inf. 

Albert  M.  Henry,  '18,  A.  E.  F. 

Clinton  V.  Melarkey,  '18.  It.,  H.  A. 

Donald  B.  Stewart,  '18,  Med.  Corps. 

Robert  H.  Graham,  '19,  Engrs.,  1st  It.,  M.  T.  C,  A.  E.  F 

Francis  M.  Young,  '19,  M.  T.  C. 

Leo  I.  Bartlett,  '20,  Inf. 

Harry  E.  Benson,  '20,  Aviation. 

Stanley  E.  Davis,  '20,  It.,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

John  A.  Frost,  '20,  It.,  Aviation. 

John  E.  Gooding,  '20,  Aviation. 

Pail  J.  Sirkegian,  '20,  It.,  Aviation. 

Ernest  A.  Tam,  '20,  U.  S.  N. 

Charles  C.  Bowen,  '21,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Mahlon  A.  Fairchild,  '21,  Aviation. 

Melvin  D.  Saunders,  '21,  U.  S.  N. 

Albert  L.  Cerveney,  '23,  Sig.  Corps. 

Willis  H.  Church,  '23,  F.  A. 

William  T.  Cuddy,  Jr.,  '23,  Marines,  A.  E.  F. 

Theodore  H.  Fairchild,  '23,  F.  A. 

Marshall  R.  Gregory,  '23,  F.  A. 

John  H.  Harrison,  '23,  Aviation. 

Paul  A.  Harwood,  '23,  F.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Vivian  A.  Ninnis,  '23,  F.  A. 

Jack  Pike,  '23,  cadet.  Naval  Academv. 

Forest  H.  Young,  '23,  A.  E.  F. 

Gus  Paul  Falbaum,  '24,  U.  S.  N. 

Earl  M.  Hearne,  '24,  U.  S.  N. 

Daniel  L.  McNamara,  '24,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Sigurd  B.  Nylander,  '24,  A.  E.  F. 

James  E.  Scott,  '24,  Med.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Victor  V.  Vandiveer,  '24,  A.  E.  F. 


The  Chapter  in  Arms  257 


THETA  DEUTERON 


Joseph  E.  Simmons,  gd.,  1st  It.,  San.  Corps,  A.  E.  F. 

Cecil  A.  DuRette,  '22,  1st  It.,  Inf. 

Arthur  L.  Albert,  '23,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Grant  O.  Hylander,  '23,  C.  A. 

J.  Kenneth  McCune,  '23,  C.  A.,  A.  E.  F. 

Herman  N.  Miller,  '23,  Engrs.,  A.  E.  F. 

Horace  N.  Miller,  '23,  U.  S.  N.,  S.  D. 

Harold  R.  Olson,  '23,  O.  T.  S. 

Robert  L.  Parkinson,  '23,  A.  E.  F. 

Lee  T.  Sims,  '23,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Fred  D.  Coffeen,  '24,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F. 

Calvin  C.  Delphy,  '24,  O.  T.  S. 

Estel  H.  Rorick,  '25,  2d  It.,  Aviation. 

Lilburn  J.  Tomlinson,  '25,  Inf.,  A.  E.  F 


258 


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INDEX 


Accounting  systems,  154,  155 

Ackerman,  I.  J.,  89,  99,  100,  214 

Agassiz,  L.,  14,  18 

Albany  Club,  98 

Albany  Medical  College,  55,  57,  58,  59, 

186,  188 
Alden  March,  59-62,  63,  64,  66,  69,  70, 

71 
Alden  March,  Dr.,  55,  59 
Alexander,  C.  B.,  88 
Alpha  (see  Pi  Chapter),  66,  79,  83,  87, 
92,  108,  122,  149,  153,  162,  163,  165, 
167,  172,  174,  188,  220,  258 
Alphabet,  26,  27,  72,  74 
Alpha  Delta  Phi,  58,  59 
Alpha   Deuteron,    134,   135,   143,    163, 

164,  172,  173,  174,  249,  258 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  182 
Alumni  advisers,  190,  192 
Alumni  Clubs,  64,  66,  67,  98,  100,  128, 

138,  139,  167,  196,  203-205 
Amherst  College,  14,  44,  53 
Archibald,  J.,  59 
Arm^our,  141 
Armstrong,  S.  E.,  61,  76,  79,  80,  101, 

203,  212,  213,  215 
Arnold,  C.  J.,  64,  65 
Arnold,  J.,  83,  90,  102,  120,  214 
Bagley,  S.  B.,  50 
Baird,  W.  R.,  90 
Baird's  Manual,  53,  90,  185 
Baker,  D.  E.,  31,  32,  34-36,  37,  38,  39, 

53,  54 
Balfour,  L.  G.  Co.,  189 
Baltimore  Club,  167 
Banfield,  E.  P.,  122,  216 
Ban  San  Kar,  38 
Barnes,  W.  S.,  109,  110,  111,  120,  125, 

127,  136,  214,  215 
Barrett,  J.  F.,  frontispiece,  11,  16-24, 
28,  30,  37,  38,  45,  52,  53   54   55   57 
59,  63,  65,  66,  67,  68,  71,  74,  76,  77, 
79,  80,  84,  86,  89,  90,  91,  92,  97,  99, 
100,   101,   104,    105,    110,    112,    115, 
120,    123,    128,    130,    132,    133,    134, 
138,    139,    143,    146,    149,    159,    163, 
165,  168,  179,  180,  203,  211-215 
Barrett,  J.  W.,  135 
Bayard,  A.  H.,  58,  61,  62,  63,  71,  72, 

74,  212 
Becker,  C.  M.,  65,  66 
Belcher,  M.,  130,  132 
Bell,  H.  M.,  88 


87, 
181, 

190, 


139, 
161, 


Benton,  N.  K.,  Ill 

Beta  (see  Alden  March),  60,  66 
101,  125,  146,  157,  172,  174, 
182,  186-188,  221,  258 

Beta  Deuteron,  134,  135,  172,  175, 
193,  194,  250,  258 

Beta  Theta  Pi,  163,  165 

Big  Chief,  115,  168,  179,  180 

Billy  Mac,  116 

Bishop,  W.  H.,  42 

Blessing,  A.  J.,  61 

Boehm,  J.  A.,  94,  132,  135,  138, 
141,  146,  148-150,  152,  159,  160, 
163,  165,  214,  215 

Bogart,  Capt.,  94 

Boston  Club,  91,  92,  98,  128 

Boston  Univ.,  53,  54 

Bowdoin,  141 

Bowen,  C.  C,  177 

Bowker,  H.,  179 

Bowker,  W.  H.,  45 

Boyle,  E.  D.,  217 

Brandes,  W.  C,  186,  216 

Breed,  C.  B.,  217 

Briggs,  C.  G.,  59 

Brigham,  A.  A.,  35,  37,  38,  39,  54 
63,  212,  217 

Brooks,  S.  C,  135 

Brooks,  W.  P.,  15,  16,  18-24,  27,  28 
38,  39,  45,  53,  68,  77,  78,  92,  110, 
217 

Brown,  14,  122 

Browne,  A.  L.,  61 

Burgess,  A.  P.,  217 

Burrows,  A.  T.,  138,  139,  142,  143. 

183,  189,  215,  216 
Butterfield,  K.  L.,  163 
Buttle,  W.  W.,  108 
Byington,  L.  R.,  142 
Caldwell,  H.  M.,  113 
California,  68,  130-134 
Callender,  C.  H.,  59 
Camden,  W.  L.,  76,  77,  79,  108,  203, 

213 
Campbell,  F.  G.,  18-24,  30,  36 
Campbell,  G.  M.,  183 
Canbv,  H.  S.,  217 
Carr,  J.,  61 
Carskadon,  E.  B.,  103 
Certificates,  66,  67,  69,  109,  111 
Chapon,  R.  H.,  169,  170 
Chapter  magazines,  153,  182 
Charter  fee,  66,  118,  183,  185,  202 


t,  59, 


32, 
203, 


163, 


260 


Chase,  H.  K.,  203 

Chi,  123-125,  156,  161,  172,  175,  182, 

246,  258 
Chicago,  83 

Chicago  Chib,  135,  167,  189 
Chi  Phi,  70,  71 
Chi  Psi,  188 
Chown,  G.  Y.,  94 
Cincinnati,  141 
Clark,  F.  T.,  217 
Clark,  H.  B.,  112 
Clark,  H.  J.,  18 
Clark,  W.  S.,  13,  14,  18 
Clark,  X.  Y.,  18-20,  22-24,  26,  27,  41, 

45,  68 
Clay,  J.  W.,  16,  18-24,  26,  27,  28,  30. 

31,  37,  45,  63,  66,  211 
Clement,  F.  M.,  59,  61,  66 
Clifton,  H.  W.,  89 
Coat  of  Arms,  46-49,  69,  74 
Col,  of  City  of  New  York,  84,  85 
Collier,  W.  M.,  113 
Collier,  W.  S.,  89 
Colorado,  83 
Colors.  66,  209 
Columbia,  85 
Columbian  Univ.,  88 
Conley,  W.  H.,  60,  61,  66,  69,  70,  71, 

133,    141,    142,    146,    147,    152,    156, 

165,  168,  183,  188,  194,  215,  216 
Connecticut  Club,  98 
Constitution,  37,  54,  55,  63.  64,  66,  68, 

70,  71,  76,  77,  99,  100,  101,  137.  138, 

139,  165,  166,  185,  201-210 
Convention  of  1888.  63,  64,  212 
Convention  of  March  1889,  66,  68,  212 
Convention   of  October   1889,   66,   67, 

68.  212 
Convention  of  1890,  68.  212 
Convention  of  1891.  69-74,  97,  116,  142, 

146,  212 
Convention  of  1892,  76,  77,  212 
Convention  of  1893,  77,  213 
Convention  of  1894,  77,  79.  80,  99,  108, 

213 
Convention  of  1896,  99,  110,  213 
Convention  of  1898.  87,  99,  110,  116, 

213 
Convention  of  1900,  89,  97,  110,  213 
Convention  of  1902,  86,  91,  92,   100, 

103,  104,  105,  116,  214 
Convention  of  1904,  95,  114,  115,  122, 

168,  214 
Convention  of  1906,  120,  145,  157,  214 
Convention  of  1908,  120,  128,  132,  139, 

146,  147,  149,  154,  157,  159,  214 
Convention  of  1910,  135,  136,  145,  149, 

153,  154,  157,  159,  215 
Convention  of  1912,  133,  137,  138.  139, 

146,  150,  159,  165,  190,  215 
Convention  of  1914,  133,  139,  146,  154, 

156,  163,  215 


Convention  of  1916,  141-144,  153,  154, 
156,  160,  165,  167,  168,  215 

Convention  of  1920,  139,  143,  144,  182, 
183,  185,  186,  190,  216 

Convention  of  1922,  196,  215 

Corbin,  P.,  127 

Corbv,  K.  W.,  168 

Cornell,  105,  116 

Cortelyou,  G.  B.,  112,  113,  217 

Cotton,  H.  A.,  217 

Crow,  J.  H.,  123 

Curtis,  F.  G..  108,  120,  122,  123,  214 

Cutter,  B.,  99 

Cutter,  E.,  41 

Cutter,  J.  A.,  41,  42,  43,  45,  48,  49,  52, 
55,  57,  59,  61,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67, 
68,  69,  70,  71.  72,  74,  76,  77,  79,  80, 
81,  82,  83,  84,  86,  87,  88,  89,  90,  91, 
92,  94,  95,  97,  99,  100,  101,  102,  103, 
104,  105,  106,  108,  109,  110,  HI, 
112,  113,  114,  115,  123,  125,  146, 
149,  179,  203,  211-214,  217 

Czar,  116 

Dargeon,  H.  W.,  186 

Dartmouth,  122,  161,  175 

Davis,  C.  E.,  58,  62,  65,  203 

Davis,  G.  H.,  112,  113,  114,  115,  120, 
122 

Davis,  W.  J.,  125 

Daw,  W.  L.,  90 

Dean,  A.  L.,  217 

Dear,  B.  M.,  125 

Dederick,  A.  S.,  125 

Delaney,  P.  A.,  65,  66,  69,  72,  203,  212 

Delaware,  83 

Delta,  74-76,  80,  87,  102-104,  172,  174, 
192,  224,  258 

Delta  Deuteron,  139,  140,  172,  175, 
194,  253.  258 

Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  106 

Delta  Sigma  Phi,  194 

Dennison,  141 

Denver,  83 

Des  Jardins,  C.  B.,  154 

Detroit  Club,  167 

D.  G.  K.  Society,  15,  31.  36,  44,  53 

Diefenderfer,  W.  M.,  93 

Dietz,  C.  F.,  87,  90 

Districts,  183,  188,  189,  190 

Donogh,  Mrs.,  192 

Dormody,  H.  F.,  141,  142 

Doyle  L.,  154 

Duff,  A.  W.,  217 

Duggan,  S.  P.,  85,  89,  213,  217 

Duncan,  R.  F.,  49,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59, 
62,  63,  64,  65,  188,  212 

Dyrsen,  H.  H.,  99,  120,  125,  214 

Eaton,  H.  E.,  154 

Eder,  P.  J.,  84,  91,  92,  114,  115,  217 

Editor's  honorarium,  153,  154,  185 

Elgas,  M.  J.,  84 

Elgas,  M.  J.,  Jr.,  84,  85 


261 


Elgas.  W.  T.,  84,  85 

English,  E.  P.,  179 

Epsilon,  77,  79,  80,  87,   1U8-111,   120, 

122,  125-128,  172,  174,  195,  225,  258 
Epsilon  Deuteron,  163,  165,  166,  167, 

172,  175,  154,  158 
Eta,  87,  88,  95,  172,  174,  181,  182,  229, 

258 
Eta  Deuteron,  141,  142,  172,  175,  182, 

185,  194,  256,  258 
Expansion,  53-62,  82-96,  97,  120,  122, 

123,  125,  130-144,  145,  188.  189 
Expulsions,   71,  76,  86,  90,   100,   101, 

102,  104,  109,  120,  190,  208,  209 
Fagan,  J.  J.,  179 

Farquhar,  F.  G.,  89,  93,  94,  214-216 
Faunce,  W.  H.  P.,  156 
Faustman,  W.  P.,  132 
Fell,  T.,  158,  217 
Fletcher,  R.  C,  64,  65,  83 
Flint,  C.  L.,  44 
Poch,  Marshal,  195 
Folsom,  D.  B.,  178 
Folsom,  J.  W.,  217 
Ford,  J.  S.,  65 
Foreman,  A.  H.,  125 
Founders,  15-25,  26,  27,  28,  30,  32,  53, 

74,  82,  100,  110 
Fowler,  A.  L.,  34,  37,  39,  41,  42,  54,  67, 

70,  71,  112,  113,  115,  203,  211,  212 
Franklin  &  Marshall,  93,  94,  160,  194 
Frederick,  W.  A.,  92 
Puller,  H.  B.,  217 
Furman,  R.,  58 
Gamma,  49,  65,  69,  70,  71,  76,  83,  87, 

89,  101,  105-108,  110,  128,  139,  172 

174,  223,  258 
Gamma  Deuteron,  136,  137,  138,  141, 

172,  175,  194,  252,  258 
Garrison,  H.  A.,  102 
George  Washington  Univ.,  88 
Gettysburg,  185 
Gilday,  B.,  194 
Gladwin,  P.  E.,  38,  43 
Goessmann,  C.  A.,  13,  22,  43 
Goff,J.W.,85, 112, 113,120,134,214,215 
Goodell,  H.  H.,  13 
Gordinier,  H.  C.,  217 
Graduate  Members,  64,  66 
Grand  Chapter  organized,  37,  54,  63 
Greenawalt,  W.  E.,  76,  79,  80,  84,  86, 

101,  109,  203,  213 
Hackett,  W.  H.,   108,   110,   111,   115, 

120,  125,  127,  136,  145,  213-215 
Hague,  H.,   15,   17,   19-25,  26,  30,  39, 

54,  167,  203 
Haines,  G.  L.,  177 
Hall,  J.  N.,  31,  34,  35,  36,  54 
Hall,  M.  B.,  135 
Hamilton,  W.  J.,  217 
Happel,  W.  H.,  72,  73,  76,  83,  110,  196, 

203,  212 


Harding,  VV.  G.,  153 

Harrison,  E.  A.,  158 

Harrison,  J.  T.,  158 

Hartley,  C,  79 

Hartley,  E.  P.,  203 

Hartman,  E.  M.,  94,  120,  214,  217 

Harvard,  14,  18,  83,  91 

Harwood,  P.  M.,  20,  30,  37,  38,  42,  179 

Hastings,  R.,  194 

Haughey,  W.  R.,  87,  88 

Heidelbaugh,  W.  H.,  149 

Higgins,  E.  W.,  109,  217 

History,  42,  64,  66,  182 

Hitchcock,  P.  G.,  194 

Hitchens,  Mrs.,  75 

Hoadley,  A.  H.,  61 

Hobart,  E.  W.,  217 

Hodgman,  A.  F.,  59 

Hoer,  W.  C,  177 

Holmes,  O.  W.,  41 

Honorary  Members,  64,  66,  67,  105 

Howe,  C.  S.,  31-35,  37-39,  43,  54,  55, 

67,  79,  99,  139,  156,  183,  203,  211, 

217 
Howe,  E.D.,  38,  44,45,48 
Howell,  H.,  51,  52 
Huddlers,  37 
Hull,  J.  B.,  125 
Hull,  T.  A.,  125 

Huse,  F.  R.,  77,  79,  83,  203,  213 
Hutchens,  J.  H.,  61,  66,  70,  71,  203,  212 
Hutchings,  J.  T.,  66 
Illinois,  13,  134,  135,  174 
Incorporation,  72,  77,  202,  203 
Insignia,  39,  46-49,  209 
Interfraternity   Conference,    156,    160, 

175.  176,  182,  194,  196 
Iota,  87,  89,   111,   112,   172,   175,   179, 

232,  258 
Iowa  State,  83,  134,  175 
Jameson,  C.  B.,  99 
Jenks,  A.  E.,  135,  217 
Johns  Hopkins,  83 
Johnson,  P.  P.,  43 
lones,  C.  R.,  103,  213,  217 
Jones,  E.  A.,  48,  50 
[ones,  N.  N.,  54,  62 
Jordan,  H.  E.,  186,  217 
Joy,  L.  W.,  185 
Kaltwasser,  C.  M.,  112 
Kansas,  141 
Kansas  State,  196 

Kappa,  88,  108,  121),  172,  175.  232,  258 
Kappa  Alpha,  188 
Kappa  Sigma,  15 
Kathan,  D.  L.,  61 
Kellogg,  Mrs.  \V..  50,  57 
Kentuck\-.  83 
Kerr,  W.  G.,  139,  141 
Key,  57,  59 
Kilts,  W.  S.,  125 
King,  A.  P.  A.,  217 


262 


Kinney,  B.  A.,  41,  48,  49,  G9 

Kirk,  W.,  217 

Kirkland,  A.  H.,  217 

Kloman,  E.  H.,  186 

Kniskern,  J.  W.,  58,  84 

Kreeger,  A.,  185 

Kyle,  G.  W.,  99 

Lambda,  88,  89,  101,  112-114,  120,  172, 

175,  177,  186,  233,  258 
La  Moure,  H.  A.,  217 
Lang,  T.  S.,  102 
Latham,  H.  S.,  218 
Lawrence,    R.    R.,    125,    150,    153-156, 

161,    185,   186,    188,    189,    190,    196, 

215,  216,  258,  259 
Le  Fevre,  S.,  64,  67,  70,  71,  72,  76,  77, 

79,  83,  99,  212 
Lehigh,  90 

Lewis,  A.  S.,  120,  125,  214 

Lindberg,  G.  H.,  142 

Lipes,  H.  J.,  188 

Literary  programs,  30,  31,  32,  43,  49, 

50,  51,  62,  97 
Lorenzo,  F.  A.,  114 
Loughran,  F.  W.,  58,  59,  61,  71,  72, 

80,  84,  85,  86,  87.  88,  91,  110,  114, 
115,  120,  196,  213,  214 

Lowe,  J.   A.,   54,   118,   123,   133,   141, 

149,  150,    151,    153,    163,    165,    182, 
215,  216,  218 

Lowe,  J.  S.,  218 

Ludwick,  E.  E.,  178 

Lynch,  B.  E.,  108,  111 

Lyons,  J.  B.,  188 

MacDonald,  W.  G.,  61 

Maine,  53 

Martin,  T.  S.,  218 

Mass.  Agri.  College,  11-15,  32,  44,  45, 

55,  66,  74,  122,  163 
Mass.  Inst,  of  Tech.,  91 
Maxwell,  M.  C.,  88 
May,  F.  G.,  41,  45,  48,  52 
Mayers,  C.  E.,  75,  76 
Mayers,  W.  S.,  75 
McDonald,  J.  E.,  132,  158,  215 
McEvilly,  J.  J.,  186 
McGraw,  H.  A.,  218 
Mclntyre,   W.  A.,  94,   116,   118,   119, 

120,    123,    125,    128,    129,    132,    134, 

138,  139,    141,    145,    146,   147,    149, 

150,  156,  159,  165,  194,  214-216 
McLean,   D.   H.,    113,   132,   1.33,    137, 

139,  146,    149,    150,    152,    158,    163, 
215  ^s^ 

McMahon,  D.  F.,  143,  144,  215,  216 

McMullen.  H.  D.,  94 

McQueen,  C.  M.,  31 

Michener,  E.  C.,  218 

Michigan,  138,  139 

Miller,  E.  F.,  218 

Miller,  J.  S.,  88,  89 

Miller,  P.  E.,  137 


Milwaukee  Club,  196 

Minnesota,  83,  134,  135,  175 

Missouri,  141 

Mohn,  D.  E.,  192 

Moore,  V.  A.,  218 

Morehead,  H.  L.,  163 

Morgan,  G.  J.,  158,  159,  160,  182,  186, 

215,  216 
Morgan,  J.  F.,  91,  94,  99 
Morgantown  Club,  98 
Morrill,  A.  W.,  218 
Mu,  89,  94,   116,   123,   172,   175,   178, 

Munself,  E.  A.,  132,  135,  137,  147,  150, 

215 
Murphy,  W.G.,  59 
Murray,   J.   S.,   87,   90,   95,   103,    105, 

120,  213,  214 
Musgrave,  W.  M.,  182,  183 
Name,  27,  28,  37-39,  41,  54 
Nebraska,  83,  141 
Needham,  C.  W.,  113,  218 
Neelv,  M.  M.,  103,  218 
Nevada,  141,  142 
Newton,  C.  L.,  163 
New  England  Association,  139,  183 
New  Mexico,  54,  130 
New  York  Club,  74,  86,  97.  98,   128, 

146,  167 
Nobles,  G.  S.,  123 
North  Carolina,  83 
Northwestern,  83,  141 
Nu,  90,  101,  172,   175,   191,  192,  238, 

^58 
Oa'th,  24,  25,  61,  70 
Ohio  State,  196 
Olcott,  B.,  185 
Omega,    130-134,    141,    142,    172, '175, 

185,  192,  247,  258 
Omicron,  91,  172,  175,  239,  258 
Oregon,  184,  185,  188 
Otto,  A.  C,   139,   142,   185,   188,   189, 

190,  196,  216 
Packard,  F.  L.,  91,  92,  114,  218 
Page,  H.  O.,  91 
Parker,  G.  A.,  28,  30,  32,  218 
Parker,  W.  C,  42,  52,  .59,  63,  65,  71, 

72,  74,  211,  212 
Parmerter,  G.  F.,  218 
Parsons,  W.  A.,  50,  51,  65,  "67 
Patten,  W.,  161,  218 
Patton,  D.  C,  135 
Peabody,  S.  H.,  13 
Penn  State,  88 
Pennsylvania,  89,  94,  118 
Perry,  A.  D.,  42 
Phi,  123,  172,  245,  258 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  57 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  123 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  75,  76,  123 
Philadelpha  Club,  98 
Philbrick,  E.  D.,  135 


263 


Pi,  93,  94,  123,  160,  161,  172,  175,  194, 
240,  258 

Pi  Chapter,  41-52,  55,  57,  65,  66,  99 

Pin,  59,  61,  62,  64,  66,  69,  154,  156,  189 

Pittsburgh,  141,  143 

Pittsburgh  Club,  167 

Poe,  J.  M..  106 

Porter,  W.  H.,  32 

Post,  M.  D.,  218 

Posters,  31 

Potter,  E.  E.,  61 

Price,  R.  F.,  83,  101,  110,  213 

Psi,  125,  159,  160,  172,  182,  186 

Psi  Upsilon,  188 

Purdue,  185 

Q.  T.  V.  Society,  15,  31,  36,  53 

Queen's,  94,  100,  158,  159 

Rand,  F.  P.,  152,  153,  156,  177,  182, 
188,  189,  190,  197,  215,  216 

Ranson,  B.  B.,  104,  105,  115,  120,  214 

Read,  B.,  132 

Read,  F.  H.,  122 

Reger,  H.  S.,  92,  113,  114 

Rehnke,  E.  B.,  135 

Resignations,  67,  71,  100 

Rho,  94,  95,  158,   159,   169,   172,  241, 
258 

Rhoades,  W.  G.,  130 

Rice,  B.F.,  218 

Rice,  C.  A.,  122 

Rich,  A.  G.,  84,  90,  92,  94,  95,  114,  122, 
214 

Ridder,  B.  H.,  218 

Riddle,  J.  H.,  75 

Ring,  39,  66,  72 

Ritual,  30,  36,  42,  43,  64,  67,  68,  69, 
70,  72,  79 

Roberts,  W.  E.,  123 

Robinson,  E.  V.  D.,  135,  218 

Rogers,  C.  D.,  59 

Root,  A.  G.,  59,  61,  65,  188 
Root,  J.  E.,  17,  29,  30,  32,  37,  39,  55, 
63,  85,  136,  138,  143,  144,  163,  179, 
203,  213,  215,  216 
Rose,  C.  R.,  114 
Ruedi,  C.  H.,  142,  185 
Sachem  Hall,  111,  127 
Sadlier,  J.  E.,  61 
Salmon,  T.  W.,  218 
Sandy,  C.  J.,  135 
San  Francisco  Club,  167 
Sappington,  E.  N.,  95 
Schaeffer,  O.  S.,  93 
Schofield,  W.  W.,  161 
Schreiber,  C.  F.,  195 
Scott,  C.  M.,  135 
Seal,  66,  67,  74,  209 
Seattle  Club,  134,  167,  195 
Secretary's  honorarium,  153,  185 
Sellew,  R.  P.,  50,  51,  65 
Sheard,  C,  91,  94 
Shidle,  N.  G.,  185 


Shores,  R.  J.,  218 

Shoudy,  W.  A.,  179 

Shute,  D.  K.,  218 

Sigma,  95,  157,  158,  172,  175,  182,  242 

258 
Sigma  Nu,  175 
Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  154 
Signet,  43,  44,  49,  50,  67,  83,  99,  120, 
123,    133,    146,    147,    149,    150,    152, 
153,  169,  171,  177,  178,  182,  183 
Signs,  36,  38,  39,  67,  70,  72 
Simpson,  A.  R.,  136,  137 
Smith,  R.  E.,  132,  218 
Smith,  R.  T.,  103 
Smyth,  F.,  135 
Snake  Dance,  77,  168 
Snell,  E.,  132,  133,  142 
Songs,  91,  99,  100,  185 
South,  W.  H.,  102,  103,  104 
Southern  Club,  98,  128 
Southmayd,  J.  E.,  38 
Southwick,  A.  A.,  15,  16,  21,  27,  30 

32 
Springfield  Club,  167 
Stahr,  J.  S.,  160 
Stanford,  83,  196 
Stellwagen,  K.,  139 
Stephens,  T.  C,  179 
Stevens,  87,  175 
Stewart,  H.  W.,  135,  141 
Stewart,  T.  D.,  103 
Stiles,  C.  A.,  105 
St.  John's,  95,  157,  158 
St.  Lawrence,  90,  91,  194 
Stockbridge,  L.,  13,  28,  38,  44,  45 
Stoddard,  A.  L.,  177 
Stone,  G.  E.,  218 
Strong,  E.  K.,  218 
Sturtevant,  W.  B.,  177,  182 
Sullivan,  J.  D.,  115 
Sullivan,  T.  V.,  95,  123,  214 
Supreme  Court,  77,  102,  104,  105,  116, 

120,    123,    134,    135,    136,    137,    141, 

145,    147,    154,    160,    163,    165,    190, 

207-209 
Swarthmore,  123 
Symbolism,  26,  72,  74 
Syracuse,  138 
Taft,  W.  H.,  153,  169 
Tau,  121,  122,  161,  172,  175,  243,  258 
Tax,  64,  66,  67,  69,  99,  110,  118,  149, 

156,  183,  209 
Tennessee,  92 
Theta,  85,  86,  97,  98,    112,    120,   128, 

143,    157,    160,    172,    174,    175,    181, 

182,  230,  258 
Theta    Deuteron,    172,    184,    185,    188, 

257,  258 
Theta  Nu  Epsilon,  91,  189,  190 
Thompson,  S.  C,  86,  90,  102.  143,  183, 

213-216 
Titus,  C.  M.,  105,  lOli 


264 


Tompkins,  T.  S.,  87 

Tonkin,  W.  H.,  177 

Tours  Club,  177 

Triangulation,  189 

Tulane,  83,  138 

Underwood,  A.  J.,  177 

Union,  55,  157,  186,  188 

Unkles,  E.  H.,  177 

Upsilon,  122,  123,  125,  172, '175,  244, 
258 

Van  Cise,  W.  M.,  167 

Van  Valkenburgh,  R.  D.,  89 

Van  Valkenburgh,  R.  H.,  89 

Vieth,  H.  A.,  218 

Virginia,  90,  125,  159,  160,  186 

Vogel,  G.  J.,  65,  70,  80,  84,  86,  87,  89, 
90,  92,  101,  104,  110,  112,  115,  116, 
117,  118,  120,  122,  123,  125,  128, 
129,  130,  132,  134,  138,  145,  146, 
153,  156,  165,  185,  213-216 

Wachter,  C.  L.,  87,  111,  112,120,  123, 
214 

Walker,  H.  M.,  127 

Walters,  H.  R.,  192  i 

War,  169-178,  219-258 

War  Department,  175-177,  178 

Washington,  134,  141,  195,  196 

Washington  &  Lee,  83 

Watt,  R.,  133 

Watts,  R.  J.,  163 

Wendell,  E.  H.,  Ill 

Wesleyan,  83 


West  Virginia,  75,  76 

Western  Conclave,  133,  134,  215 

Western  Reserve,  83,  90 

White,  H.  J.,  218 

White,  I.  C,  218 

Whiting,  H.  E.,  163 

Willard,  D.,  41,  218 

Willard,  G.  B.,  71 

Williams,   14,   123-125,   150,   161,   163, 

165,  175 
Williams,  G.  A.,  72,  79 
Willis,  D.,  103 
Wilson,  A.  C,  132,  133 
Wilson,  W.,  165 
Winchester,  H.  B.,  196 
Wisconsin,  135,  141 
Wolcott,  L.  O.,  132 
Woodcock,  A.  W.,  157,  158 
Woodward,  M.  R.,  113,  114 
Worcester,  163,  165 
Worm,  O.  R.  W.,  80,  92,  93,  94,  95,  96, 

99,  103,  105,  111,  112,  113,  114,  115, 

120,  125,  136,  214,  215 
Wright,F.  C.,108,  109 
Xi,  91,  172,  175,  194,  195,  238,  258 
Yale,  77,  174,  194 
Year  Book,  99,  100,  120 
Yeaw,  F.  L.,  132 
Zeta,  84,  85,  86,  87,  97,  101,  120,  157, 

172,  174,  182,  228,  258 
Zeta  Deuteron,  140,  141,  142,  172,  175, 

255,  258 


265 


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